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Holarctic
The Holarctic is the terrestrial ecozone that encompasses the majority of habitats found throughout the northern continents of the world. This region is divided into the Palearctic, consisting of North Africa and all of Eurasia, with the exception of the southern Arabian Peninsula, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, and the Nearctic, consisting of North America north of southern Mexico. These are further subdivided into a variety of ecoregions. Many ecosystems, and the animal and plant communities that depend on them, are found across multiple continents in large portions of this ecozone. The continuity of these ecosystems results from the shared glacial history of this ecozone. The floristic Boreal Kingdom corresponds to the Holarctic ecozone.
== Major ecosystems ==
Within the Holarctic ecozone, there are a variety of ecosystems. The type of ecosystem found in an area depends on the latitude and local geography. In the far north, a band of arctic tundra circles the shore of the Arctic Ocean. The ground beneath this land is permafrost, frozen year-round. In these difficult growing conditions, few plants can survive. South of the tundra, the boreal forest stretches across North America and Eurasia. This land is characterized by coniferous trees. South of here, the ecosystems become more diverse. Some areas are covered in temperate grassland, while others are covered in temperate forest, dominated by deciduous trees. The southern extent of the Holarctic typically reaches into the desert, which is dominated by plants and animals adapted to the dry conditions (Schultz 2007).
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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