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Hexham ( ) is a market town and civil parish in Northumberland, England, located south of the River Tyne, and was the administrative centre for the Tynedale district from 1974 to 2009. The three major towns in Tynedale were Hexham, Prudhoe and Haltwhistle, although in terms of population, Prudhoe was the largest. In 2001 Hexham had a population of 11,446,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/viewFullDataset.do?instanceSelection=03070&productId=779&$ph=60_61&datasetInstanceId=3070&startColumn=1&numberOfColumns=8&containerAreaId=790480 )〕 increasing to 11,829 at the 2011 Census.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Town population 2011 )〕 There are many smaller towns and villages that surround Hexham, such as Corbridge, Riding Mill, Stocksfield, Wylam to the east, Acomb and Bellingham to the north, Allendale to the south and Haydon Bridge, Bardon Mill and Haltwhistle to the west. The closest major city to Hexham is Newcastle upon Tyne which is about to the east. == History == Hexham Abbey originated as a monastery founded by Wilfrid in 674. The crypt of the original monastery survives, and incorporates many stones taken from nearby Roman ruins, probably Coria or Hadrian's Wall. The current Hexham Abbey dates largely from the 11th century onward, but was significantly rebuilt in the 19th century. Other notable buildings in the town include the Moot Hall, the covered market, and the Old Gaol. The ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' (Manuscript D: Cotton Tiberius B IV) records the murder of King Ælfwald by Sicga at ''Scythlecester'' (which may be modern Chesters) on 23 September 788: This year Alfwald, king of the Northumbrians, was slain by Siga, on the ninth〔By modern counting, the 8th day before. By Roman counting the ''x''th day was (''y''-''x''+1) days before the ''y''th day: see Roman calendar#Months.〕 day before the calends of October; and a heavenly light was often seen on the spot where he was slain. He was buried at Hexham in the church.〔Kirby, pp. 153–154; Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ms. D, s.a. 789.〕 The name of Hexham derives from the Old English ''Hagustaldes ea'' and later ''Hagustaldes ham'' whence the modern form (with the "-ham" element) derives. ''Hagustald'' is related to the Old High German ''hagustalt'', denoting a younger son who takes land outside the settlement; the element ''ea'' means "stream" or "river" and ''ham'' is the Old English form of the Modern English "home" (and the Scots and Northern English "hame").〔''Northumberland Place-Names'', by Stan Beckensall, Butler Publishing 2004, ISBN 0-946928-41-X〕〔http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521861076&ss=ind〕 Like many towns in the Anglo-Scottish border area and adjacent regions, Hexham suffered from the border wars between the kingdoms of Scotland and England, including attacks from William Wallace who burnt the town in 1297. In 1312, Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland, demanded and received £2000 from the town and monastery in order for them to be spared a similar fate. In 1346 the monastery was sacked in a later invasion led by King David II of Scotland. In 1464 during the Wars of the Roses, the Battle of Hexham was fought somewhere to the south of the town; the actual site is disputed. The defeated Lancastrian commander The Duke of Somerset was executed in Hexham market place. There is a legend that Queen Margaret of Anjou took refuge after the battle in what is known as The Queen's Cave where she was accosted by a robber; the legend formed the basis for an 18th-century play by George Colman the Younger; but it has been established that Queen Margaret had fled to France by the time the battle took place. Until 1572, Hexham was the administrative centre of the former Liberty or Peculiar of Hexhamshire. In 1715, James Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Derwentwater, raised the standard for James Francis Edward Stuart in Hexham Market place. The rising, however, was unsuccessful, and Derwentwater was captured and beheaded after the Battle of Preston. In 1761, the Hexham Riot〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://www.ndfhs.org.uk/Articles/HexhamRiot.html )〕 took place in the Market Place when a crowd protesting about changes in the criteria for serving in the militia was fired upon by troops from North Yorkshire Militia. Fifty-one protesters were killed, earning the Militia the soubriquet of The Hexham Butchers. Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Hexham was a centre of the leather trade, particularly renowned for making gloves known as Hexham Tans - now the name of a vegetarian restaurant in the town. ''"Hexham"'' was used in the Borders as a euphemism for "Hell". Hence the term ''"To Hexham wi’ you an’ ye’r whussel!"'', recorded in 1873, and the popular expression "Gang to Hexham!".〔 ''"Hexham-birnie"'' is derived from the term and means ''"an indefinitely remote place"''.〔''The Roxburghshire word-book: being a record of the special vernacular vocabulary of the county of Roxburgh, with an appendix of specimens'' by George Watson, The University Press, 1923. p.170〕〔http://www.dsl.ac.uk/snda4frames.php?xref=yes&searchtype=full&dregion=form&dtext=all&sset=1&fset=20&query=Hexham〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hexham」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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