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In many mythological, folklore and religious traditions, hell is a place of torment and punishment in an afterlife. It is viewed by most Abrahamic traditions as punishment.〔Heart of Buddha, Heart of China: James Carter - 2010, p 75〕 Religions with a linear divine history often depict hells as eternal destinations. Religions with a cyclic history often depict a hell as an intermediary period between incarnations. Typically these traditions locate hell in another dimension or under the Earth's surface and often include entrances to Hell from the land of the living. Other afterlife destinations include Heaven, Purgatory, Paradise, and Limbo. Other traditions, which do not conceive of the afterlife as a place of punishment or reward, merely describe hell as an abode of the dead, the grave, a neutral place located under the surface of Earth (for example, see sheol and Hades). Hell is sometimes portrayed as populated with demons who torment those dwelling there. Many are ruled by a death god such as Nergal, Hades, Hel, Enma or the Devil. ==Etymology and Germanic mythology== The modern English word ''Hell'' is derived from Old English ''hel'', ''helle'' (about 725 AD to refer to a nether world of the dead) reaching into the Anglo-Saxon pagan period, and ultimately from Proto-Germanic '' *halja'', meaning "one who covers up or hides something"〔Barnhart, Robert K. (1995) ''The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology'', page 348. Harper Collins ISBN 0-06-270084-7〕 The word has cognates in Latin (see verb ''cēlō'', "to hide") and in related Germanic languages such as Old Frisian ''helle'', ''hille'', Old Saxon ''hellja'', Middle Dutch ''helle'' (modern Dutch ''hel''), Old High German ''helle'' (Modern German ''Hölle''), Danish, Norwegian and Swedish ''helvede''/''helvete'' (''hel'' + Old Norse ''vitti'', "punishment" whence the Icelandic ''víti'' "hell"), and Gothic ''halja''.〔 Subsequently, the word was used to transfer a pagan concept to Christian theology and its vocabulary〔 (however, for the Judeo-Christian origin of the concept see Gehenna). Some have theorized that English word ''hell'' is derived from Old Norse ''hel''.〔 However, this is very unlikely as ''hel'' appears in Old English before the Viking invasions. Furthermore, the word has cognates in all the other Germanic languages and has a Proto-Germanic origin.〔(Etymonline.com )〕 Among other sources, the ''Poetic Edda'', compiled from earlier traditional sources in the 13th century, and the ''Prose Edda'', written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, provide information regarding the beliefs of the Norse pagans, including a being named Hel, who is described as ruling over an underworld location of the same name. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hell」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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