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Fużūlī (or Fuduli, فضولی; (アゼルバイジャン語:Füzuli), c. 1494 – 1556) was the pen name of the Azeri〔(Encyclopædia Iranica. G. Doerfer. Azeri Turkish )〕〔(Encyclopædia Iranica. H. Javadi and K. Burill. Azeri Literature )〕〔(A. M. A Shushtery. Outlines of Islamic Culture - Volume I: Historical and Cultural Aspects. READ BOOKS, 2007. ISBN 1-4067-4113-2, ISBN 978-1-4067-4113-1, p. 130 )〕 or the Bayat branch of Oghuz Turkic〔(Muhammed Fuzuli )〕〔(Britannica online )〕〔Kathleen R. F. Burrill, ''The Quatrains of Nesimi, Fourteenth-century Turkic Hurufi'', Mouton, 1973, 〕 and Ottoman poet, writer and thinker Muhammad bin Suleyman (محمد بن سليمان). Often considered one of the greatest contributors to the Dîvân tradition of Azerbaijani literature,〔("Fuzuli, Mehmed bin Süleyman" ) in Encyclopædia Britannica〕 Fuzûlî in fact wrote his collected poems (dîvân) in three different languages: in his native〔Peter Rollberg. The modern encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet literature (including Non-Russian and Emigre literatures) / Edited by Harry B. Weber. — Academic International Press, 1987. — Volume 8. — Page 76. In Mesopotamia Fuzuli was in intimate contact with three cultures — Turkic, Arabic, and Persian. Besides his native Azeri, he learned Arabic and Persian at an early age and acquired a through command of the literatures in all three languages, an accomplishment in which the cosmopolitan literary and scholarly circles of Hilla played an important role.〕 Azeri, Persian, and Arabic. Although his Turkish works are written in the Azeri dialect of Turkish, he was well-versed in both the Ottoman and the Chagatai Turkic literary traditions as well. He was also well versed in mathematics and astronomy.〔("Fozuli, Mohammad b. Solayman" ) in Encyclopaedia Iranica〕 ==Life== Fuzûlî is generally believed to have been born around 1494 in what is now Iraq, when the area was under Ak Koyunlu Turkmen rule; he was probably born in either Karbalā’ or an-Najaf.〔 He is believed to belong to Bayat tribe, one of the Turkic Oghuz tribes who were related to the Ottoman Kayı clan and were scattered throughout the Middle East, Anatolia, and the Caucasus at the time. Though Fuzûlî's ancestors had been of nomadic origin, the family had long since settled in towns. Fuzûlî appears to have received a good education, first under his father—who was a mufti in the city of Al Hillah—and then under a teacher named Rahmetullah.〔Şentürk 281〕 It was during this time that he learned the Persian and Arabic languages in addition to his native Azeri. Fuzûlî showed poetic promise early in life, composing sometime around his twentieth year the important ''masnavi'' entitled ''Beng ü Bâde'' (بنگ و باده; "Hashish and Wine"), in which he compared the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II to hashish and the Safavid shah Ismail I to wine, much to the advantage of the latter. One of the few things that is known of Fuzûlî's life during this time is how he arrived at his pen name. In the introduction to his collected Persian poems, he says: "In the early days when I was just beginning to write poetry, every few days I would set my heart on a particular pen name and then after a time change it for another because someone showed up who shared the same name".〔Quoted in Andrews, 236.〕 Eventually, he decided upon the Arabic word ''fuzûlî''—which literally means "impertinent, improper, unnecessary"—because he "knew that this title would not be acceptable to anyone else".〔''Ibid.''〕 Despite the name's pejorative meaning, however, it contains a double meaning—what is called ''tevriyye'' (توريه) in Ottoman Divan poetry—as Fuzûlî himself explains: "I was possessed of all the arts and sciences and found a pen name that also implies this sense since in the dictionary ''fuzûl'' (ﻓﻀﻮل) is given as a plural of ''fazl'' (ﻓﻀﻞ; 'learning') and has the same rhythm as ''‘ulûm'' (ﻋﻠﻮم; 'sciences') and ''fünûn'' (ﻓﻨﻮن; 'arts')".〔''Ibid.''〕 In 1534, the Ottoman sultan Süleymân I conquered the region of Baghdad, where Fuzûlî lived, from the Safavid Empire. Fuzûlî now had the chance to become a court poet under the Ottoman patronage system, and he composed a number of ''kasîde''s, or panegyric poems, in praise of the sultan and members of his retinue, and as a result, he was granted a stipend. However, owing to the complexities of the Ottoman bureaucracy, this stipend never materialized. In one of his best-known works, the letter ''Şikâyetnâme'' (شکايت نامه; "Complaint"), Fuzûlî spoke out against such bureaucracy and its attendant corruption: :سلام وردم رشوت دگلدر ديو آلمادىلر :''Selâm verdim rüşvet değildir deyü almadılar.''〔Kudret 189〕 :I said hello, but they didn't accept as it wasn't a bribe. Though his poetry flourished during his time among the Ottomans, the loss of his stipend meant that, materially speaking, Fuzûlî never became secure. In fact, most of his life was spent attending upon the Shi`ite Tomb of `Alî in the city of an-Najaf, south of Baghdad.〔Andrews 237〕 He died during a plague outbreak in 1556, in Karbalā’, either of the plague itself or of cholera. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fuzûlî」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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