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'' Fontamara'' (:fontaˈmaːra) is a 1933 novel by the Italian author Ignazio Silone, written when he was a refugee from the Fascist Police in Davos, Switzerland. It is Silone's first novel and is regarded as his most famous work. It received worldwide acclaim and sold more than a million and a half copies in twenty-seven languages.〔 It was first published as a German translation in Zurich, Switzerland in 1933 and was published in English by Penguin Books in September 1934. ''Fontamara'' is derived from the Italian 'Fonte Amara' (Bitter Stream),〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.silone.it/node/91 )〕 which Victor Wolfson used as the title for his 1936 stage adaptation of the book, presented in New York at the Civic Repertory Theatre. The novel was also adapted for cinema by director Carlo Lizzani and the film ''Fontamara'' was released in 1977.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.filmscoop.it/film_al_cinema/fontamara.asp )〕 Appearing on the eve of the Spanish Civil War, and published just a few months after Hitler came to power, when the world was beginning to take sides for or against fascism, the novel had a galvanising effect on public opinion.〔 ''Fontamara'' 'became the very symbol of resistance'〔 and ‘is widely agreed to have played a major role as a document of anti-Fascist propaganda outside Italy in the late 1930s’ as it criticises the deceitful and immoral nature of the Fascist party and its followers. Fontamara is a fictional small rural village in Marsica in the Abruzzo region. The people (the ''Fontamaresi'') are poor and the village is very remote to the extent that the citizens are unaware of world events such as the rise of Fascism. There is a tremendous gap between the ‘’cafoni’’ (peasants) who populate ‘’Fontamara’’ and those who live in the city. The ''Fontamaresi'' work the Earth to survive, turn to emigration as a means of economic improvement and are ignorant to events happening outside of their town. They are cut off from the rest of Italy and thus unaffected by modernity and new technology. The ''Impresario'' is a stark contrast to the ''Fontamaresi'', who have laboured for centuries to little avail, as he quickly became the richest man in the region and embodies the power, authority and immorality of the Fascists. The ''Fontamaresi'' are exploited due to their naïvety and ignorance, the women are raped by the squadristi (a group of Fascists), Berardo Viola makes the ultimate sacrifice to allow the continued distribution of clandestine texts to spread the word about socialism and encourage rebellion against Fascism and at the end the majority of the population are killed at the hands of the Government. As with many rural novels, ''Fontamara'' discusses the various seasons, and seasonal duties, such as the grape harvest in the vineyards.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.inftube.com/letteratura/letteratura-italiana/FONTAMARA-Riassunto-Personaggi55534.php )〕 It is a choral novel and it focuses on the lives and points of view of the peasants of ''Fontamara'', deprived of hope and yet unyielding and determined, demonstrating solidarity amongst the lower classes and the inequality of wealth between the agricultural workers and professional classes. ==Background== (詳細はItalian Communist Party (PCI), a group which broke away from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and formed in 1921. Silone became one of its covert leaders during the rule of the National Fascist Party. Ignazio's brother Romolo Tranquilli was arrested in 1929 for being a member of the PCI. Romolo was not a militant; he was, in Silone's words, 'a vaguely anti-fascist young man whose education and feelings were Catholic... Why did he confess he was a Communist? Why did he affirm his confession before the judge of a special tribunal which used his confession to condemn him to 12 years in prison? He wrote to me: "I have tried to act as I thought you would have in my place".'〔 Romolo is thought to be the inspiration for the character of Berardo Viola who sacrifices himself and becomes the hero. Romolo died in prison in 1931 as a result of the severe beatings he received. Silone left Italy in 1927 on a mission to the Soviet Union and settled in Switzerland in 1930. He was expelled from the PCI after declaring his opposition to Joseph Stalin and the leadership of Comintern. He suffered tuberculosis and severe clinical depression and spent a year in Swiss clinics. As he recovered, he began writing ''Fontamara''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fontamara」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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