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Flurothyl (Indoklon) is a volatile liquid drug from the halogenated ether family, related to inhaled anaesthetic agents such as diethyl ether, but having the opposite effects, acting as a stimulant and convulsant. A clear and stable liquid, it has a mild ethereal odor whose vapors are non-flammable. It is excreted from the body by the lungs in an unchanged state.〔Karliner, W, Padula, L. Further clinical studies of hexafluorodiethyl ether convulsive treatments. J. Neuropsychiatry 1962; 3:159-162〕〔Speers, L, Neeley, A. H. The synthesis, chemical and physical properties of Indoklon. J. Neuropsychiatry 1963; 4:153-156〕〔Krantz, J. C. Jr., Loecher, C. K. Anesthesia LXX: effect of inert fluorinated agents on fluroxene and flurothyl. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 46(3):271-274, 1967〕 Several compounds related to the halogenated ether anesthetics have similar convulsant effects rather than producing sedation, and this has been helpful in studying the mechanism of action of these drugs. The main current use of flurothyl is in scientific research for inducing seizures in laboratory animals. ==Research into psychiatric treatment== Flurothyl was at one time studied in psychiatric medicine for shock therapy, in a similar manner to other convulsant drugs such as pentetrazol, as an alternative to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This use has now been discontinued. In 1953, the Maryland pharmacologist J. C. Krantz experimented with flurothyl to induce seizures in psychiatric patients as an alternative to ECT. Flurothyl was injected into a plastic container in a tight fitting face mask. The patient inhaled a mixture of vapor and air, and expired air was forced into a charcoal adsorbent via a one-way valve. Oxygen was administered simultaneously. Flurothyl inhalations were first conducted without sedation or muscle paralysis.〔Esquibel, A., Krantz, J. C. Jr., Truitt, et al. Hexafluorodiethyl ether (Indoklon) – Its use as a convulsant in psychiatric treatment. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1958: 126:530-534〕〔Krantz, J. C. Jr., Esquibel, A., Truitt, A. et al. Hexafluorodiethyl ether (Indoklon) – an inhalant convulsant: Its use in psychiatric treatment. JAMA 1958: 166:1555-1556〕 Premedication with pentothal and succinylcholine chloride, as is customary in ECT, was tested and found safe.〔Karliner, W. Padula, L. Indoklon combined with Pentothal and Anectine. Am. J.Psychiatry, 1959; 115:1041-1042〕 Four random assignment treatment studies found the clinical results for flurothyl to be as effective as those of ECT.〔Fink, M., Kahn, R. L., Karp, E., et al. Inhalant-induced convulsions: Significance for the theory of the convulsive therapy process. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1961; 4:259-266〕〔Kurland, A. A., Hanlon, T. E., Esquibel, A. J., et al. A comparative study of hexafluorodiethyl ether (Indoklon) and electroconvulsive therapy. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1959; 129:95-98〕〔Small, J. G., Small, I. F., Sharply, P., and Moore, D. F. A double-blind comparative evaluation of flurothyl and ECT. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1968; 19:79-86〕〔Laurell, B. (Ed.): Flurothyl convulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (), 213:1-79, 1970〕 Flurothyl treatments were administered on the same schedules as ECT. In some patients who had not responded to ECT, flurothyl treatment produced improvement.〔Karliner, W. and Padula, L. The use of hexafluorodiethyl ether in psychiatric treatment. J. Neuropsychiatry 1960; 2:67-70, PMID 13751512〕 The flurothyl treated patients showed less amnesia and confusion during the course of treatment with better patient acceptance. A detailed study comparing flurothyl and ECT in patients with severe endogenous depression, reported the degree of anterograde amnesia to be similar, but the degree of retrograde amnesia was much lower after flurothyl.〔 Psychological tests showed memory impairments at the fourth week of treatment, and memory improvement two weeks after the last treatment, with no measurable differences between the treatments. Equal degrees of EEG slow wave increases were recorded in flurothyl and electrical induced seizures.〔Fink M. Convulsive Therapy: Theory and Practice. New York: Raven Press, 1979〕 Oximetric and ECG studies showed comparable heart rate increases with occasional rhythmic irregularities.〔 Flurothyl induced seizures were deemed clinically equal to electrical seizures with lesser effects on cognition and memory. An editorial in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1966 encouraged its use.〔A convulsant agent for psychiatric use. Flurothyl (Indoklon). JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 196 (1): 29–30. 1966. PMID 4379572.〕 An injectable form of flurothyl was formulated.〔Krantz, J. C. Jr., Manchey, L. L., Truitt, E. B., et al. The availability of hexafluorodiethyl ether by intravenous injection as a convulsant in psychiatric treatment. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.1959; 128:92-94〕 The clinical results were the same as with inhaled flurothyl.〔Karliner, W. Clinical experience with intravenous Indoklon: A new convulsant drug. J. Neuropsychiatry 1963; 4:184-189〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Flurothyl」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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