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The Eskimo are the indigenous peoples who have traditionally inhabited the northern circumpolar region from eastern Siberia (Russia), across Alaska (United States), Canada, and Greenland.〔Kaplan, Lawrence. ("Inuit or Eskimo: Which name to use?" ) ''Alaskan Native Language Center, UFA.'' Retrieved 14 Feb 2015.〕〔("Eskimo: Usage." ) ''Oxford Dictionaries''. Retrieved 27 Jan 2014.〕〔("Eskimo." ) ''The Free Dictionary.'' Retrieved 27 Jan 2014.〕 The two main peoples known as "Eskimo" are: the Inuit of Canada, Northern Alaska (sub-group "Inupiat"), and Greenland, and the Yupik of eastern Siberia and Alaska. The Yupik comprise speakers of four distinct Yupik languages: one used in the Russian Far East and the others among people of Western Alaska, Southcentral Alaska and along the Gulf of Alaska coast. A third northern group, the Aleut, is closely related to the Eskimo. They share a relatively recent, common ("Paleo-Eskimo") ancestor, and a language group (Eskimo-Aleut). While since the late 20th century numerous indigenous people viewed the use of the term "Eskimo" as offensive, because it was used by people who discriminated against them,〔("Inupiatun, Northwest Alaska." ) ''Ethnologue''. Retrieved 8 Dec 2013.〕〔Nuttall 580〕 in its linguistic origins〔 the word did not have an offensive meaning. Alternative terms, such as Inuit-Yupik, have been proposed,〔Holton, Gary. ("Place-naming strategies in Inuit-Yupik and Dene languages in Alaska." ), Academia.edu, Retrieved 27 Jan 2014.〕 but none has gained widespread acceptance. In Canada and Greenland, the term "Eskimo" has fallen out of favor as pejorative and has been widely replaced by the term "Inuit", "Alaska Natives", or terms specific to a particular tribe. Under U.S. and Alaskan law, however, as well as the linguistic and cultural traditions of Alaska, "Alaska Natives" refers to ''all'' indigenous peoples of Alaska. The term is applied to not only such groups as the Aleut, who share a recent ancestor with the Inuit and Yupik groups, but also to the largely unrelated〔http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/1207/12072012-native-american-migration〕 indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast and the Dene, who descend from other, unrelated major language and ethnic groups. The Canadian Constitution Act of 1982, sections 25〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=CANADIAN CHARTER OF RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS )〕 and 35〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=RIGHTS OF THE ABORIGINAL PEOPLES OF CANADA )〕 recognized the Inuit as a distinctive group of aboriginal peoples in Canada. ==History== Several earlier indigenous peoples existed in the region. The earliest positively identified North American Eskimo cultures (pre-Dorset) date to 5,000 years ago. They appear to have developed in Alaska from people related to the Arctic small tool tradition in eastern Asia, whose ancestors had probably migrated to Alaska at least 3,000 to 5,000 years earlier. Similar artifacts have been found in Siberia that date to perhaps 18,000 years ago. The Yupik languages and cultures in Alaska evolved in place (and migrated back to Siberia), beginning with the original pre-Dorset indigenous culture developed in Alaska. Approximately 4000 years ago, the Unangan culture of the Aleut became distinct. It is not generally considered an Eskimo culture. Approximately 1500–2000 years ago, apparently in Northwestern Alaska, two other distinct variations appeared. Inuit language became distinct and, over a period of several centuries, its speakers migrated across Northern Alaska, through Canada and into Greenland. The distinct culture of the Thule people developed in northwestern Alaska and very quickly spread over the entire area occupied by Eskimo people, though it was not necessarily adopted by all of them. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Eskimo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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