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Erasistratus
Erasistratus (; ; c. 304 – c. 250 BC) was a Greek anatomist and royal physician under Seleucus I Nicator of Syria. Along with fellow physician Herophilus, he founded a school of anatomy in Alexandria, where they carried out anatomical research. He is credited for his description of the valves of the heart, and he also concluded that the heart was not the center of sensations, but instead it functioned as a pump. Erasistratus was among the first to distinguish between veins and arteries. He believed that the arteries were full of air and that they carried the "animal spirit" (''pneuma''). He considered atoms to be the essential body element, and he believed they were vitalized by the ''pneuma'' that circulated through the nerves. He also thought that the nerves moved a nervous spirit from the brain. He then differentiated between the function of the sensory and motor nerves, and linked them to the brain. He is credited with one of the first in-depth descriptions of the cerebrum and cerebellum.
==Life==
Erasistratus is generally supposed to have been born at Ioulis on the island of Ceos,〔Suda, ''Erasistratos''; Strabo, x.〕 though Stephanus of Byzantium refers to him as a native of Cos;〔Stephanus of Byzantium, ''Kos''〕 Galen, as a native of Chios;〔Galen, ''Introd.'' c. 4, vol. xiv. p. 683〕 and the emperor Julian, as a native of Samos.〔Julian, ''Misopogon''〕 Pliny says he was the grandson of Aristotle by his daughter Pythias,〔Pliny, ''Hist. Nat.'', xxix. 3〕 but this is not confirmed by any other ancient writer; and according to the Suda, he was the son of Cretoxena, the sister of the physician Medius, and Cleombrotus. From the latter it is not quite clear whether Cleombrotus was his father or his uncle. He was a pupil of Chrysippus of Cnidos,〔Diogenes Laertius, vii. 7. § 10; Pliny, ''Hist. Nat.'', xxix. 3; Galen, ''de Ven. Sect. adv. Erasistr.'' c. 7, vol. xi. p. 171〕 Metrodorus,〔Sextus Empiricus, ''adv Mathem.'' i. 12,〕 and apparently Theophrastus.〔Galen, ''de Sang, in Arter.'' c. 7, vol. iv. p. 729.〕
He lived for some time at the court of Seleucus I Nicator, where he acquired great reputation by discovering the disease of Antiochus I Soter, the king's eldest son, probably 294 BC. Seleucus in his old age had lately married Stratonice, the young and beautiful daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and she had already borne him one child.〔Plutarch, ''Demetr.'' c. 38; Appian, ''de Rebus Syr.'' c. 59.〕 Antiochus fell violently in love with his mother-in-law, but did not disclose his passion, and chose rather to pine away in silence. The physicians were quite unable to discover the cause and nature of his disease, and Erasistratus himself was at a loss at first, till, finding nothing amiss about his body, he began to suspect that it must be his mind which was diseased, and that he might perhaps be in love. This conjecture was confirmed when he observed his skin to be hotter, his colour to be heightened, and his pulse quickened, whenever Stratonice came near him, while none of these symptoms occurred on any other occasion; and accordingly he told Seleucus that his son's disease was incurable, for that he was in love, and that it was impossible that his passion could be gratified; The king wondered what the difficulty could be, and asked who the lady was. "My wife," replied Erasistratus; upon which Seleucus began to persuade him to give her up to his son. The physician asked him if he would do so himself if it were his wife that the prince was in love with. The king protested that he would most gladly; upon which Erasistratus told him that it was indeed his own wife who had inspired his passion, and that he chose rather to die than to disclose his secret. Seleucus was as good as his word, and not only gave up Stratonice, but also resigned to his son several provinces of his empire. This celebrated story is told with variations by many ancient authors,〔Appian, ''de Rebus Syr.'' c. 59-61; Galen, ''de Praenot. ad Epig.'' c. 6. vol. xiv. p. 630; Julian, ''Misopogon''; Lucian, ''de Syria Dea'', §§ 17, 18; Pliny, ''Hist. Nat.'' xxix. 3; Plutarch, ''Demetr.'' c. 38; Suda, ''Erasistratos''; John Tzetzes, ''Chil.'' vii. Hist. 118; ''Valerius Maximus'' v. 7〕 and a similar anecdote has been told of Hippocrates,〔Soranus, ''Vita Hippocr.'' in Hippocr. ''Opera'', vol. iii. p. 852〕 Galen,〔Galen, ''de Praenot. ad Epig.'' c. 6. vol. xiv. p. 630〕 Avicenna, and (if the names be not fictitious) Panacius〔Aristaen.. ''Epist.'' i. 13〕 and Acestinus.〔Heliod. ''Aethiop.'' iv. 7.〕 If this is the anecdote referred to by Pliny,〔Pliny, ''Hist. Nat.'' xxix. 3〕 as is probably the case, Erasistratus is said to have received one hundred talents for being the means of restoring the prince to health, which would amount to one of the largest medical fees upon record.
Very little more is known of the personal history of Erasistratus: he lived for some time at Alexandria, which was at that time beginning to be a celebrated medical school, and gave up practice in his old age, that he might pursue his anatomical studies without interruption.〔Galen, ''de Hippocr. et Plat. Decr.'' vii. 3, vol. v. p. 602.〕 He and fellow physician Herophilus practiced anatomy with great success, and with such ardour that they are supposed to have dissected criminals alive.〔Celsus, ''de Medic.'' i. praef.〕 Erasistratus appears to have died in Asia Minor, as the Suda mentions that he was buried by mount Mycale in Ionia. The exact date of his death is not known, but he probably lived to a good old age, as, according to Eusebius, he was alive 258 BC, about forty years after the marriage of Antiochus and Stratonice. He had numerous pupils and followers, and a medical school bearing his name continued to exist at Smyrna in Ionia nearly till the time of Strabo, about the beginning of the 1st century.〔Strabo, xii.〕 The following are the names of the most celebrated physicians belonging to the sect founded by him: Apoemantes,〔Galen, ''de Venae Sect. adv. Erasistr.'' c. 2, vol. xi. p. 151〕 Apollonius Memphites, Apollophanes〔Caelius Aurelianus, ''de Morb. Acut.'' ii. 33〕 Artemidoras, Charidemus, Chrysippus, Heraclides, Hermogenes, Hicesius, Martialius, Menodorus, Ptolemaeus, Strato, Xenophon. An attack on Erasistratus and his followers is preserved in Anonymus Londinensis.
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