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Corruption
Corruption is a form of dishonest or unethical conduct by a person entrusted with a position of authority, often to acquire personal benefit.〔Corruption can be illegal, but also can involve legal conduct in many countries. See (Black's Law Dictionary ) for legal definition. See also (worldbank.org ) paper noting that corruption "may involve collusion between parties typically both from the public and private sectors, and may be legal in many countries"〕 Corruption may include many activities including bribery and embezzlement, though it may also involve practices that are legal in many countries.〔http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWBIGOVANTCOR/Resources/Legal_Corruption.pdf〕 Government, or 'political', corruption occurs when an office-holder or other governmental employee acts in an official capacity for personal gain.
The word corrupt when used as an adjective literally means "utterly broken". The word was first used by Aristotle and later by Cicero who added the terms bribe and abandonment of good habits.〔Llaca, E.G. (2005), La Corrupcion: Patologia Colectiva (Collective Pathology ), INAP/CNDH/FCPSUAM, Ciudad de México〕 Stephen D. Morris,〔Morris, S.D. (1991), Corruption and Politics in Contemporary Mexico. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa〕 a professor of politics, writes that () corruption is the illegitimate use of public power to benefit a private interest.
Economist Ian Senior〔Senior, I. (2006), Corruption - The World’s Big C., Institute of Economic Affairs, London〕 defines corruption as an action to (a) secretly provide (b) a good or a service to a third party (c) so that he or she can influence certain actions which (d) benefit the corrupt, a third party, or both (e) in which the corrupt agent has authority. Daniel Kaufmann, from the World Bank extends the concept to include 'legal corruption' in which power is abused within the confines of the law—as those with power often have the ability to make laws for their protection.
==Scales of corruption==
Corruption can occur on different scales. There is corruption that occurs as small favors between a small number of people (petty corruption), corruption that affects the government on a large scale (grand corruption), and corruption that is so prevalent that it is part of the everyday structure of society, including corruption as one of the symptoms of organized crime (systemic corruption).
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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