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Caernarfon (; ) is a royal town, community, and port in Gwynedd, Wales, with a population of 9,615 (this figure does not include nearby Bontnewydd or Caeathro, as they are in separate communities). It lies along the A487 road, on the eastern shore of the Menai Strait, opposite the Isle of Anglesey. The city of Bangor is to the north-east, while Snowdonia fringes Caernarfon to the east and south-east. Carnarvon and Caernarvon are Anglicised spellings that were superseded in 1926 and 1974, respectively. Abundant natural resources in and around the Menai Straits enabled human habitation in the area during prehistory. The Ordovices, a Celtic tribe, lived in the region during classical antiquity. The Roman fort Segontium was established around 80 to subjugate the Ordovices during the Roman conquest of Britain. The Romans occupied the region until their departure in the 5th century, after which Caernarfon became part of the Kingdom of Gwynedd. In the late 11th century, William the Conqueror ordered the construction of a motte at Caernarfon as part of an attempt at conquering the region. He was unsuccessful, and Wales remained independent until around 1283. In the 13th century, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, ruler of Gwynedd, refused to pay homage to Edward I, prompting the English conquest of Gwynedd. This was followed by the construction of Caernarfon Castle, one of the largest and most imposing fortifications built by the English in Wales. In 1284, the English-style county of Caernarfonshire was established by the Statute of Rhuddlan; the same year, Caernarfon was made a borough, a county and market town, and the seat of English government in North Wales. The ascent of the Tudor dynasty to the throne of England eased hostilities between the English and resulted in Caernarfon Castle falling into a state of disrepair. The city has flourished, leading to its status as a major tourist centre and seat of Gwynedd Council, with a thriving harbour and marina. Caernarfon has expanded beyond its medieval walls and experienced heavy suburbanisation. Its population includes the largest percentage of Welsh-speaking citizens anywhere in Wales. The status of Royal Borough was granted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1963 and emended to Royal Town in 1974. The castle and town walls are part of a World Heritage Site described as the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd. ==History== (詳細はEdwardian fortifications.〔Allen, Grant. ("Casters and Chesters" in ''The Cornhill Magazine'', Vol. XLV, pp. 419 ff. ) Smith, Elder, & Co. (London), 1882.〕 The earlier British and Roman settlement at Segontium was named for the nearby River Seiont. After the Roman withdrawal from Britain around 410, the settlement continued to be known as ' ("Fort Seiont") and as ' ("Fort Constantius or Constantine"),〔Stevenson's 1838 edition, P. 20.〕 of the ''History of the Britons'', cited by Bishop Ussher in Newman's life of St German both of which names appear among the 28 cities of Britain in the ''History of the Britons'' traditionally ascribed to Nennius. The work states that the inscribed tomb of "Constantius the Emperor" (presumably Constantius Chlorus, father of Constantine the Great) was still present in the 9th century.〔Newman, John Henry & al. (''Lives of the English Saints: St. German, Bishop of Auxerre'', Ch. X: "Britain in 429, A. D.", p. 92. ) James Toovey (London), 1844.〕 (Constantius actually died at York; Ford credited the monument to a different Constantine, the supposed son of Saint Elen and Magnus Maximus, who was said to have ruled northern Wales before being removed by the Irish.〔Ford, David Nash. "(The 28 Cities of Britain )" at Britannia. 2000.〕) The medieval romance about Maximus and Elen, ''Macsen's Dream'', calls her home ' ("Fort Seointmouth" or "the caer at the mouth of the Seoint") and other pre-conquest poets such as Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd also used the name '.〔William, Ifor. ''Breuddwyd Maxen''. (Bangor), 1920.〕 The Norman motte was erected apart from the existing settlement and came to be known as ', "the fortress in Arfon". (The region of Arfon itself derived its name from its position opposite Anglesey island, known as ' in Welsh.) A 1221 charter by Llywelyn the Great to the canons of Penmon priory on Anglesey mentions ';〔()〕 the ''Brut'' mentions both ' and '.〔Jones, Thomas (ed.). ''Brut y Tywysogion() Peniarth MS. 20''. (Cardiff), 1941.〕 In 1283, King Edward I completed his conquest of Wales which he secured by a chain of castles and walled towns. The construction of a new stone Caernarfon Castle seems to have started as soon as the campaign had finished.〔Taylor, Arnold (1997) (), Caernarfon Castle and Town Walls (4th ed.), Cardiff: Cadw – Welsh Historic Monuments, ISBN 1-85760-042-8〕 Edward's architect, James of St. George, may well have modelled the castle on the walls of Constantinople, possibly being aware of the town's legendary associations. Edward's fourth son, Edward of Caernarfon, later King Edward II, was born at the castle in April 1284 and made Prince of Wales in 1301. A story recorded in the 16th century suggests that the new prince was offered to the native Welsh on the premise "that () was borne in Wales and could speake never a word of English", however there is no contemporary evidence to support this.〔Phillips, Seymour (2006). "The Place of the Reign of Edward II". In Dodd, Gwilym; Musson, Anthony, ''The Reign of Edward II: New Perspectives'', Woodbridge, UK: York Medieval Press. pp. 220–233. ISBN 978-1-903153-19-2〕 Caernarfon was constituted a borough in 1284 by charter of Edward I.〔 The charter, which was confirmed on a number of occasions, appointed the mayor of the borough Constable of the Castle ex officio. The former municipal borough was designated a royal borough in 1963.〔 The borough was abolished by the Local Government Act 1972 in 1974, and the status of "royal town" was granted to the community which succeeded it.〔 Caernarfon was the county town of the historic county of Caernarfonshire. In 1911, David Lloyd George, then Member of Parliament for Caernarfon boroughs, which included various towns from Llŷn to Conwy, agreed to the British Royal family's idea of holding the investiture of the Prince of Wales at Caernarfon Castle. The ceremony took place on 13 July, with the royal family paying a rare visit to Wales, and the future King Edward VIII was duly invested. In 1955 Caernarfon was in the running for the title of Capital of Wales on historical grounds but the town's campaign was heavily defeated in a ballot of Welsh local authorities, with 11 votes compared to Cardiff's 136.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.propertyinvestorswales.com/investing-in-wales/investing-in-caernarfon.html )〕 Cardiff therefore became the Welsh capital. On 1 July 1969 the investiture ceremony for Charles, Prince of Wales was again held at Caernarfon Castle. The ceremony itself went ahead without incident despite terrorist threats and protests, which culminated in the death of two members of Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru (Welsh Defence Movement), Alwyn Jones and George Taylor, who were killed when their bomb – intended for the railway line at Abergele in order to stop the British Royal Train – exploded prematurely. The bomb campaign (one in Abergele, two in Caernarfon and finally one on Llandudno Pier) was organised by the leader of Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru, John Jenkins. He was later arrested after a tip-off and was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Parade to commemorate the Abergele Martyrs )〕 The history of Caernarfon as an example where the rise and fall of different civilizations can be seen from one hilltop, are discussed in John Michael Greer's book ''The Long Descent''. He writes of Caernarfon: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Caernarfon」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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