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Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (; (アラビア語:ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالي); 1058 –1111), shortened as Al-Ghazali and and known as Algazelus or Algazel to the Western medieval world, was a Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher, and mystic of Persian descent.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/al-Ghazali.aspx )〕〔Ludwig W. Adamec (2009), ''Historical Dictionary of Islam'', p.109. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810861615.〕 Al-Ghazali has been referred to by some historians as the single most influential Muslim after the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Within Islamic civilization he is considered to be a Mujaddid or renewer of the faith, who, according to tradition, appears once every century to restore the faith of the community.〔Jane I. Smith, ''Islam in America'', p. 36. ISBN 0231519990〕〔Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566〕〔Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421〕 His works were so highly acclaimed by his contemporaries that al-Ghazali was awarded the honorific title "Proof of Islam" (''Hujjat al-Islam'').〔Hunt Janin, ''The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World'', p. 83. ISBN 0786419547〕 Others have cited his opposition to certain strands of Islamic philosophy as a detriment to Islamic scientific progress.〔Sawwaf, A. (1962) ''al-Ghazali: Etude sur la réforme Ghazalienne dans l’histoire de son développement'' (Fribourg).〕 Besides his work that successfully changed the course of Islamic philosophy—the early Islamic Neoplatonism that developed on the grounds of Hellenistic philosophy, for example, was so successfully criticised by al-Ghazali that it never recovered—he also brought the orthodox Islam of his time in close contact with Sufism. It became increasingly possible for individuals to combine orthodox theology (''kalam'') and Sufism, while adherents of both camps developed a sense of mutual appreciation that made sweeping condemnation of one by the other increasingly problematic.〔 ==Life== The traditional date of al-Ghazali's birth, as given by Ibn al-Jawzi, is 450 AH (March 1058–February 1059 CE), but modern scholars have raised doubts about the accuracy of Ibn al-Jawzi's information, and have posited a date of 448 AH (1056–1057 CE), on the basis of certain statements in al-Ghazali's correspondence and autobiography. He was born in Tabaran, a town in the district of Tus, which lies within the Khorasan Province of Iran.〔 A posthumous tradition - the authenticity of which has been questioned in recent scholarship - tells that his father died in poverty and left the young al-Ghazali and his brother Ahmad to the care of a Sufi. Al-Ghazali's contemporary and first biographer, 'Abd al-Ghafir al-Farisi, records merely that al-Ghazali began to receive instruction in ''fiqh'' (Islamic jurisprudence) from Ahmad al-Radhakani, a local teacher.〔 He later studied under al-Juwayni, the distinguished jurist and theologian and "the most outstanding Muslim scholar of his time",〔in Nishapur, perhaps after a period of study in Gurgan. After al-Juwayni's death in 1085, al-Ghazali departed from Nishapur and joined the court of Nizam al-Mulk, the powerful vizier of the Seljuq sultans, which was likely centered in Isfahan. After bestowing upon him the titles of "Brilliance of the Religion" and "Eminence among the Religious Leaders", Nizam al-Mulk advanced al-Ghazali in July 1091 to the "most prestigious and most challenging" professoriate at the time, in the Nizamiyya madrasa in Baghdad.〔 He underwent a spiritual crisis in 1095, and consequently abandoned his career and left Baghdad on the pretext of going on pilgrimage to Mecca. Making arrangements for his family, he disposed of his wealth and adopted an ascetic lifestyle. According to biographer, Duncan B. Macdonald, the purpose of abstaining from scholastic work was to confront the spiritual experience and more ordinary understanding of "the Word and the Traditions".〔Nicholson, Reynold Alleyne. (1966). "A literary history of the Arabs". London: Cambridge University Press. p. 382.〕 After some time in Damascus and Jerusalem, with a visit to Medina and Mecca in 1096, he returned to Tus to spend the next several years in uzla'' (seclusion). This seclusion consisted in abstaining from teaching at state-sponsored institutions, though he continued to publish, to receive visitors, and to teach in the zawiya (private madrasa) and khanqah (Sufi monastery) that he had built. Fakhr al-Mulk, grand vizier to Ahmad Sanjar, pressed al-Ghazali to return to the Nizamiyya in Nishapur; al-Ghazali reluctantly capitulated in 1106, fearing (rightly) that he and his teachings would meet with resistance and controversy.〔 He later returned to Tus, and declined an invitation in 1110 from the grand vizier of Muhammad I to return to Baghdad. He died on 18 December 1111. According to 'Abd al-Ghafir al-Farisi he had several daughters, but no sons.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Al-Ghazali」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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