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Álmos
Álmos ((:ˈaːlmoʃ)), also Almos or Almus, (c. 820c. 895) wasaccording to the uniform account of Hungarian chroniclesthe first head of the "loose federation" of the Hungarian tribes from around 850. Whether he was the sacred ruler (''kende'') of the Hungarians, or their military leader ''(gyula)'' is subject to scholarly debate. He apparently accepted the Khazar khagan's suzerainty in the first decade of his reign, but the Hungarians acted independently of the Khazars from around 860. The 14th-century ''Illuminated Chronicle'' narrates that he was murdered in Transylvania at the beginning of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin around 895.
== Ancestry ==
Anonymus, the unknown author of the ''Gesta Hungarorum''who wrote his "historical romance" around 1200 or 1210states that Álmos descended "from the line"〔''Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians'' (ch. 5), p. 17.〕 of Attila the Hun. A late 13th-century chronicler, Simon of Kéza wrote that Álmos was "of the Turul kindred".〔''Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians'' (ch. 2.27), p. 81.〕 He also wrote of Attila the Hun's banner, which bore "the image of the bird the Hungarians call ''turul''"〔''Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians'' (ch. 1.10), p. 43.〕identified as either a gyrfalcon or a hawk. A bird has an important role in the legend about Álmos's birth, which was preserved both by the ''Gesta Hungarorum'' and by the ''Illuminated Chronicle''. The legend says that Álmos's mother, already pregnant with him, dreamed of a bird of prey "which had the likeness of a hawk"〔''The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle'' (ch. 25), p. 98.〕 impregnating her. Historians Gyula Kristó and Victor Spinei wrote that this story, which has close analogies in Turkic folklore, initially narrated the origin of Álmos's family from a totemic ancestor.
According to the ''Gesta Hungarorum'', Álmos was born to Emese, a daughter of "Prince Eunedubelian". However, Kristó writes that her name, containing the old Hungarian word for mother ''(em)'', may have been invented by Anonymus. The name of Álmos's father is likewise uncertain because the Hungarian chronicles preserved it in two variants. Anonymus states that Ügyek was his name,〔''Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians'' (ch. 3), pp. 12–13.〕 but the 14th-century ''Illuminated Chronicle'' says that Elődhimself the son of Ügyekwas Álmos's father. Kristó says that both names may have been the chroniclers' inventions, since Ügyek's name derives from the ancient Hungarian ''ügy'' ("saint, holy") word, and Előd's name simply refers to an ancestor. Anonymus writes that Ügyek married Emese in 819. If this date is correct, Álmos was born around 820.
Although Anonymus makes a connection between the name of Álmos and the Hungarian word for dream ''(álom)'', many historians, including András Róna-Tas and Victor Spinei, argue that his name is of Turkic origin. If the latter theory is correct, it has a meaning of "the bought one". Álmos's family may have also been of Turkic stock, but according to Victor Spinei, a name's etymology does not always reflect its bearer's ethnicity.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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