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zoopharmacognosy
Zoopharmacognosy is a behaviour in which non-human animals apparently self-medicate by selecting and ingesting or topically applying plants, soils, insects, and psychoactive drugs to treat or prevent disease.
The term derives from roots ''zoo'' ("animal"), ''pharma'' ("drug"), and ''gnosy'' ("knowing") and was proposed in 1993. The term gained popularity from academic works and in a book by Cindy Engel called ''Wild Health: How Animals Keep Themselves Well and What We Can Learn from Them''.
A well-known example of zoopharmacognosy occurs when dogs eat grass to induce vomiting. However, the behaviour is more diverse than this. Animals ingest non-foods such as clay, charcoal and even toxic plants, apparently to prevent parasitic infestation or poisoning. Self-medication in wild animals remains a controversial subject because evidence is mostly circumstantial or anecdotal,〔 however, there are many purported examples.〔 The methods by which animals self-medicate vary, but can be classified according to function as prophylactic (preventative, before infection or poisoning) or therapeutic (after infection, to combat the pathogen or poisoning).
==Ingestion==
Many examples of zoopharmacognosy involve an animal ingesting a substance with potential medicinal properties. Some animals ingest the substance when they appear to be well, suggesting the behaviour is preventative or prophylactic. In other cases, animals ingest the substance when unwell, suggesting the behaviour is therapeutic or curative.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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