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Vodka ((ポーランド語:wódka) (:ˈvutka), (ロシア語:водка) (:ˈvotkə)) is a distilled beverage composed primarily of water and ethanol, sometimes with traces of impurities and flavorings. Traditionally, vodka is made by the distillation of fermented cereal grains or potatoes, though some modern brands use other substances, such as fruits or sugar. Since the 1890s, the standard Polish, Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian and Czech vodkas are 40% alcohol by volume ABV (80 proof), a percentage that is widely misattributed to Dmitri Mendeleev. The European Union has established a minimum of 37.5% ABV for any "European vodka" to be named as such.〔. Gin and Vodka Association. ginvodka.org〕〔 Products sold as "vodka" in the United States must have a minimum alcohol content of 40%.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=United States Code of Federal Regulations Title 27, Section 5.22(a)(1) )〕 Even with these loose restrictions, most vodka sold contains 40% ABV. For homemade vodkas and distilled beverages referred to as "moonshine", see moonshine by country. Vodka is traditionally drunk neat (not mixed with any water, ice, or other mixer), though it is often served chilled in the vodka belt countries (Belarus, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine). It is also commonly used in cocktails and mixed drinks, such as the vodka martini, Cosmopolitan, vodka tonic, Screwdriver, Greyhound, Black or White Russian, and Bloody Mary. ==Etymology== The name "vodka" is a diminutive form of the Slavic word ''voda'' (water), interpreted as ''little water'': root вод- (''vod-'') () + -к- (''-k-'') (diminutive suffix, among other functions) + ''-a'' (postfix of feminine gender).〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/631781/vodka )〕〔Etymology of the word "vodka" in Черных П. Я.: Историко-этимологический словарь современного русского языка. Москва, Русский язык-Медиа, 2004.〕 The word "vodka" was recorded for the first time in 1405 in ''Akta Grodzkie'', the court documents from the Palatinate of Sandomierz in Poland.〔 At the time, the word vodka (''wódka'') referred to chemical compounds such as medicines and cosmetics' cleansers, while the popular beverage was called ''gorzałka'' (from the Old Polish ''gorzeć'' meaning "to burn"), which is also the source of Ukrainian ''horilka'' (горілка). The word vodka written in Cyrillic appeared first in 1533, in relation to a medicinal drink brought from Poland to Russia by the merchants of Kievan Rus'.〔 Some Russian pharmaceutical lists contain the terms "vodka of grain wine" (водка хлебного вина ''vodka khlebnogo vina'') and "vodka in half of grain wine" (водка полу хлебного вина ''vodka polu khlebnogo vina'').〔Pokhlebkin, William and Clarke, Renfrey (translator). ''A History of vodka''. Verso: 1992. ISBN 0-86091-359-7.〕 As alcohol had long been used as a basis for medicines, this implies the term vodka could be a noun derived from the verb ''vodit’'', ''razvodit’'' (водить, разводить), "to dilute with water". Grain wine was a spirit distilled from alcohol made from grain (as opposed to grape wine) and hence "vodka of grain wine" would be a water dilution of a distilled grain spirit. Although the word ''vodka'' could be found in early manuscripts and in ''lubok'' pictograms, it began to appear in Russian dictionaries only in the mid-19th century. It was attested in Sámuel Gyarmathi's Russian-German-Hungarian glossary of 1799, where it is glossed with Latin ''vinum adustum'' ("burnt (distilled ) wine"). In English literature the word vodka was attested already in the late 18th century. In a book of his travels published in English in 1780 (presumably, a translation from German), Johann Gottlieb Georgi correctly explained that "Kabak in the Russian language signifies a public house for the common people to drink ''vodka'' (a sort of brandy) in." William Tooke in 1799 glossed ''vodka'' as "rectified corn-spirits". In French, Théophile Gautier in 1800 glossed it as a "grain liquor" served with meals in Poland (''eau-de-vie de grain''). Another possible connection of "vodka" with "water" is the name of the medieval alcoholic beverage ''aqua vitae'' (Latin, literally, "water of life"), which is reflected in Polish ''okowita'', Ukrainian ''оковита'', Belarusian ''акавіта'', and Scandinavian ''akvavit''. (Note that whiskey has a similar etymology, from the Irish/Scottish Gaelic ''uisce beatha''/uisge-beatha.) People in the area of vodka's probable origin have names for vodka with roots meaning "to burn": (ポーランド語:gorzała); (ウクライナ語:горілка, ''horílka''); (ベラルーシ語:гарэлка, ''harelka''); (リトアニア語:degtinė); Samogitian: degtėnė, is also in use, colloquially and in proverbs〔Drotvinas, Vincentas. "What was ''šlapjurgis'' drinking?", ''Kalbos kultūra'' ("Language Culture"), issue 78, pp. 241–246 ()〕); (ラトビア語:degvīns); (フィンランド語:paloviina). In Russian during the 17th and 18th centuries, горящѣе вино or горячее вино (''goryashchee vino'', "burning wine" or "hot wine") was widely used. Others languages include the German ''Branntwein'', Danish ''brændevin'', (オランダ語:brandewijn), (スウェーデン語:brännvin), and (ノルウェー語:brennevin) (although the latter terms refer to any strong alcoholic beverage). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「vodka」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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