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tzykanisterion
The ''tzykanisterion'' ((ギリシア語:τζυκανιστήριον)) was a stadium for playing the ''tzykanion'' (, from Middle Persian ''čaukān'', ''čōkān''), a kind of polo adopted by the Byzantines from Sassanid Persia.〔.〕
==History==
According to John Kinnamos (263.17–264.11), the ''tzykanion'' was played by two teams on horseback, equipped with long sticks topped by nets, with which they tried to push an apple-sized leather ball into the opposite team's goal.〔.〕 The sport was very popular among the Byzantine nobility: Emperor Basil I (r. 867–886) excelled at it; his son, Emperor Alexander (r. 912–913), died from exhaustion while playing, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) was injured while playing with Tatikios, and John I of Trebizond (r. 1235–1238) died from a fatal injury during a game.〔〔Anna Komnene,''The Alexiad'', Book XIV, Chapter IV, translator Elizabeth Dawes〕
The Great Palace of Constantinople featured a ''tzykanisterion'', first built by Emperor Theodosius II (r. 408–450) on the southeastern part of the palace precinct. It was demolished by Basil I in order to erect the ''Nea Ekklesia'' church in its place, and rebuilt in larger size further east, connected to the ''Nea'' with two galleries.〔.〕 Aside from Constantinople and Trebizond, other Byzantine cities also featured ''tzykanisteria'', most notably Sparta, Ephesus, and Athens, something which modern scholars interpret as an indication of a thriving urban aristocracy.〔.〕
These were also used as places of public tortures and executions, as it is historically recorded for the ''tzykanisteria'' of Constantinople and Ephesus.〔Anna Komnene,''The Alexiad'', Book XV, Chapter IX, translator Elizabeth Dawes; Theophanes the Confessor, ''Chronographia'' 1, de Boor, C. (ed.) (Leipzig 1883), p. 445.3-9.〕
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