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Understood by many Western scholars as a type of Japanese yōkai, the was a concept popular in Japanese folklore as far back as the tenth century, used in the spread of Shingon Buddhism.〔 Today, the term is generally understood to be applied to virtually any object, ''“that has reached their 100th birthday and thus become alive and self-aware,”'' though this definition is not without its controversy.〔 ==Tsukumogami in Japanese folklore== According to Elison and Smith (1987), Tsukumogami was the name of an animated tea caddy that Matsunaga Hisahide used to bargain for peace with Oda Nobunaga. Like many concepts in Japanese folklore there are several layers of definition used when discussing Tsukumogami.〔 For example, by the tenth century, the Tsukumogami myths were used in helping to spread the ''“doctrines of Shingon Esoteric Buddhism to a variety of audiences, ranging from the educated to the relatively unsophisticated, by capitalizing upon pre-existing spiritual beliefs in Tsukumogami.”'' These ''“pre-existing spiritual beliefs”'' were, as Reider explains: :''Tsukumogami'' are animate household objects. An ''otogizōshi'' (“companion tale”) titled ''Tsukumogami ki'' (“Record of tool kami”; Muromachi period) explains that after a service life of nearly one hundred years, ''utsuwamono'' or ''kibutsu'' (containers, tools, and instruments) receive souls. While many references are made to this work as a major source for the definition of ''tsukumogami'', insufficient attention has been paid to the actual text of ''Tsukumogami ki''.〔 By the twentieth century the Tsukumogami had entered into Japanese popular culture to such an extent that the Buddhist teachings had been ''“completely lost to most outsiders,”'' leaving critics to comment that, by and large, the Tsukumogami were harmless and at most tended to play occasional pranks, they did have the capacity for anger and would band together to take revenge upon those who were wasteful or threw them away thoughtlessly – compare mottainai. To prevent this, to this day some jinja ceremonies are performed to console broken and unusable items. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「tsukumogami」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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