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thoughtography
Thoughtography, also called projected thermography, psychic photography, nengraphy or nensha , is the claimed ability to "burn" images from one's mind onto such surfaces as photographic film by psychic means.〔Rolf H. Krauss. (1995). ''Beyond Light and Shadow''. Nazraeli Press. ISBN 978-3923922383〕 While the term "thoughtography" has been in the English lexicon since 1913, the more recent term "projected thermography" is a neologism originating from the 2002 U.S. remake of ''Ring/The Ring''
==History==
Thoughtography (also known as psychic photography) first emerged in the late 19th century due to the influence of spirit photography.〔 Thoughtography has no connection with Spiritualism, which distinguishes it from spirit photography.〔Clément Chéroux. (2005). ''The Perfect Medium: Photography and the Occult.'' Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300111361〕 One of the first books to mention "psychic photography" was the book ''The New Photography'' (1896) by Arthur Brunel Chatwood. In the book Chatwood described experiments where the "image of objects on the retina of the human eye might so affect it that a photograph could be produced by looking at a sensitive plate."〔Arthur Brunel Chatwood. (1896). ''The New Photography''. Downey. p. 93〕 The book was criticized in a review in ''Nature''.〔Norman Lockyer. (1896). ''Nature''. Volume 53. p. 460〕
The psychical researcher Hereward Carrington in his book ''Modern Psychical Phenomena'' (1919) wrote that many psychic photographs were revealed to be fraudulent produced by substitution and manipulation of the plates, double-printing, double-exposure and chemical screens. However, Carrington also stated he believed some of the photographs to be genuine.〔Hereward Carrington. (1919). (''Modern Psychical Phenomena'' ). Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company. pp. 125-145〕 The term "thoughtography" was first introduced at the beginning of the twentieth century by Tomokichi Fukurai.〔
Skeptics and professional photographers consider psychic photographs to be faked or the result of flaws in the camera or film, exposures, film-processing errors, lens flares, flash reflections or chemical reactions.〔Joe Nickell. (1994). ''Camera Clues: A Handbook of Photographic Investigation''. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0813191249〕〔Gordon Stein. (1996). ''The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal''. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1573920216〕〔Dino Brugioni. (1999). ''Photo Fakery: A History of Deception and Manipulation''. Brassey's Inc; illustrated edition. ISBN 978-1574881660〕〔Robert Todd Carroll. (2010). (''Psychic Photography'' ) in the ''The Skeptic's Dictionary''. Wiley. ISBN 978-0471272427〕
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