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supercontinuum
In optics, a supercontinuum is formed when a collection of nonlinear processes act together upon a pump beam in order to cause severe spectral broadening of the original pump beam, for example using a microstructured optical fiber. The result is a smooth spectral continuum (see figure 1 for a typical example). There is no definitive explanation of how much broadening constitutes a supercontinuum; however researchers have published work claiming as little as 60 nm of broadening as a supercontinuum.〔 There is also no agreement on the spectral flatness required to define the bandwidth of the source, with authors using anything from 5 dB to 40 dB or more. In addition the term supercontinuum itself did not gain widespread acceptance until this century, with many authors using alternative phrases to describe their continua during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s.
During the last decade, the development of supercontinua sources has emerged as an interesting and active research field. This is largely due to new technological developments, which have allowed more controlled and accessible generation of supercontinua. This renewed research has created a variety of new light sources which are finding applications in a diverse range of fields, including optical coherence tomography,〔I. Hartl, X. D. Li, C. Chudoba, R. K. Ghanta, T. H. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, J. K. Ranka, and R. S. Windeler, ''Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography using continuum generation in an air-silica microstructure optical fiber,'' Opt. Lett. 26, 608–610 (2001).〕〔P. Hsiung, Y. Chen, T. H. Ko, J. G. Fujimoto, C. J. S. de Matos, S. V. Popov, J. R. Taylor, and V. P. Gapontsev, ''Optical coherence tomography using a continuous-wave, high-power, Raman continuum light source,'' Opt. Express 12, 5287–5295 (2004).〕 frequency metrology,〔J. K. Ranka, R. S. Windeler, and A. J. Stentz, ''Visible continuum generation in air-silica microstructure optical fibers with anomalous dispersion at 800 nm,'' Opt. Lett. 25, 25–27 (2000).〕〔D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, ''Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,'' Science 288, 635–639 (2000).〕〔J. Ye, H. Schnatz, and L. Hollberg, ''Optical frequency combs: from frequency metrology to optical phase control,'' IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quant. Elect. 9, 1041–1058 (2003).〕 fluorescence lifetime imaging,〔C. Dunsby, P. M. P. Lanigan, J. McGinty, D. S. Elson, J. Requejo-Isidro, I. Munro, N. Galletly, F. McCann, B. Treanor, B. Onfelt, D. M. Davis, M. A. A. Neil, and P. M. W. French, ''An electronically tunable ultrafast laser source applied to fluorescence imaging and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy,'' J. Phys. D: Applied Physics 37, 3296–3303 (2004).〕 optical communications,〔H. Takara, T. Ohara, T. Yamamoto, H. Masuda, M. Abe, H. Takahashi, and T. Morioka, ''Field demonstration of over 1000-channel DWDM transmission with supercontinuum multi-carrier source,'' Elect. Lett. 41, 270–271 (2005).〕〔T. Morioka, K. Mori, and M. Saruwatari, ''More than 100-wavelength-channel picosecond optical pulse generation from single laser source using supercontinuum in optical fibres,'' Elect. Lett. 29, 862–864 (1993).〕〔T. Morioka, H. Takara, S. Kawanishi, O. Kamatani, K. Takiguchi, K. Uchiyama, M. Saruwatari, H. Takahashi, M. Yamada, T. Kanamori, and H. Ono, ''1 Tbit/s (100 Gbit/s x 10 channel) OTDM/WDM transmission using a single supercontinuum WDM source,'' Elect. Lett. 32, 906–907 (1996).〕 gas sensing〔H. Delbarre and M. Tassou, ''Atmospheric gas trace detection with ultrashort pulses or white light continuum,'' in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe, (2000), p. CWF104.〕〔S. Sanders, ''Wavelength-agile fiber laser using group-velocity dispersion of pulsed super-continua and application to broadband absorption spectroscopy,'' Appl. Phys. B: Lasers and Optics 75, 799–802 (2002).〕〔M. Ere-Tassou, C. Przygodzki, E. Fertein, and H. Delbarre, ''Femtosecond laser source for real-time atmospheric gas sensing in the UV - visible,'' Opt. Commun. 220, 215–221 (2003).〕 and many others. The application of these sources has created a feedback loop whereby the scientists utilising the supercontinua are demanding better customisable continua to suit their particular applications. This has driven researchers to develop novel methods to produce these continua and to develop theories to understand their formation and aid future development. As a result, rapid progress has been made in developing these sources since 2000.
==Historical overview==
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