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A sonnet is a poetic form which originated in Italy; Giacomo Da Lentini is credited with its invention. The term ''sonnet'' is derived from the Italian word ''sonetto'' (from Old Provençal ''sonet'' a little poem, from ''son'' song, from Latin ''sonus'' a sound). By the thirteenth century it signified a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. Conventions associated with the sonnet have evolved over its history. Writers of sonnets are sometimes called "sonneteers", although the term can be used derisively. ==Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet== (詳細はGiacomo da Lentini, head of the Sicilian School under Emperor Frederick II.〔Ernest Hatch Wilkins, ''The invention of the sonnet, and other studies in Italian literature'' (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e letteratura, 1959), 11–39〕 Guittone d'Arezzo rediscovered it and brought it to Tuscany where he adapted it to his language when he founded the Neo-Sicilian School (1235–1294). He wrote almost 250 sonnets.〔(''Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia, Volume 2,'' Christopher Kleinhenz )〕 Other Italian poets of the time, including Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) and Guido Cavalcanti (c. 1250–1300), wrote sonnets, but the most famous early sonneteer was Petrarca (known in English as Petrarch). Other fine examples were written by Michelangelo. The structure of a typical Italian sonnet of the time included two parts that together formed a compact form of "argument". First, the octave (two quatrains), forms the "proposition", which describes a "problem", or "question", followed by a sestet (two tercets), which proposes a "resolution". Typically, the ninth line initiates what is called the "turn", or "volta", which signals the move from proposition to resolution. Even in sonnets that don't strictly follow the problem/resolution structure, the ninth line still often marks a "turn" by signaling a change in the tone, mood, or stance of the poem. Later, the ''abba, abba'' pattern became the standard for Italian sonnets. For the sestet there were two different possibilities: ''cdd, cde'' and ''cdc, cdc''. In time, other variants on this rhyming scheme were introduced, such as ''cdcdcd''. Petrarch typically used an ''abba, abba'' pattern for the octave, followed by either ''cde, cde'' or ''cdc, cdc'' rhymes in the sestet. (The symmetries (''abba'' vs. ''cdc'') of these rhyme schemes have also been rendered in musical structure in the late 20th century composition ''Scrivo in Vento'' inspired by Petrarch's Sonnet 212, ''Beato in Sogno''. )) In English, both English type (Shakespearean) sonnets and Italian type (Petrarchan) sonnets are traditionally written in iambic pentameter lines. The first known sonnets in English, written by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, used this Italian scheme, as did sonnets by later English poets including John Milton, Thomas Gray, William Wordsworth and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Early twentieth-century American poet Edna St. Vincent Millay also wrote most of her sonnets using the Italian form. This example, ''On His Blindness'' by Milton, gives a sense of the Italian rhyming scheme: When I consider how my light is spent (a) Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide, (b) And that one talent which is death to hide, (b) Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent (a) To serve therewith my Maker, and present (a) My true account, lest he returning chide; (b) "Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?" (b) I fondly ask; but Patience to prevent (a) That murmur, soon replies, "God doth not need (c) Either man's work or his own gifts; who best (d) Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state (e) Is Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed (c) And post o'er land and ocean without rest; (d) They also serve who only stand and wait." (e) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「sonnet」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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