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sonication
Sonication is the act of applying sound energy to agitate particles in a sample, for various purposes. Ultrasonic frequencies (>20 kHz) are usually used, leading to the process also being known as ultrasonication or ultra-sonication.〔http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/prospect/ontology.asp?id=CMO:0001708〕
In the laboratory, it is usually applied using an ''ultrasonic bath'' or an ''ultrasonic probe'', colloquially known as a ''sonicator''. In a paper machine, an ultrasonic foil can distribute cellulose fibres more uniformly and strengthen the paper.
==Effects==
Sonication has numerous effects, both chemical and physical. The chemical effects of ultrasound are concerned with understanding the effect of sonic waves on chemical systems, this is called sonochemistry.〔(Sonochemical Reactions and Synthesis )〕 The chemical effects of ultrasound do not come from a direct interaction with molecular species. Studies have shown that no direct coupling of the acoustic field with chemical species on a molecular level can account for sonochemistry or sonoluminescence. Instead, sonochemistry arises from acoustic cavitation: the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in a liquid.〔Suslick, Kenneth S. (February 1989). The Chemical Effects of Ultrasound. ''Scientific American''. pp.62-68 (p.62)〕
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