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''Soldaderas'', often called Adelitas, were women in the military who participated in the conflict of the Mexican Revolution, ranging from commanding officers to combatants to camp followers.〔Gabriela Cano, "''Soldaderas'' and ''Coronelas''" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico'', vol. 1, pp. 1357-1360. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.〕 "In many respects, the Mexican revolution was not only a men's but a women's revolution."〔Friedrich Katz, ''The Life and Times of Pancho Villa''. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1998, p. 290.〕 Although some revolutionary women achieved officer status, ''coronelas'', "there are no reports of a woman achieving the rank of general."〔Cano, "''Soldaderas'' and ''Coronelas''" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico'', p. 1359.〕 Since revolutionary armies did not have formal ranks, some women officers were called generala or coronela, even though they commanded relatively few men.〔Cano, "''Soldaderas'' and ''Coronelas''", p. 1359.〕 A number of women took male identities, dressing as men, and being called by the male version of their given name, among them Ángel Jiménez and Amelio Robles.〔 The largest numbers of soldaderas were in Northern Mexico, where both the Federal Army (until its demise in 1914) and the revolutionary armies needing them to provision soldiers by obtaining and cooking food, nurse the wounded, and promote social cohesion.〔Cano, "''Soldaderas'' and ''Coronelas''", p. 1358.〕〔Frazer, ''Competing Voices from the Mexican Revolution: Fighting Words, ''151.〕 In area of Morelos where Emiliano Zapata led revolutionary campesinos, the forces were primarily defensive and based in peasant villages, less like the organized armies of movement of Northern Mexico than seasonal guerrilla warfare. "Contingents of ''soldaderas'' were not necessary because at any moment Zapatista soldiers could take refuge in a nearby village."〔 The term ''soldadera'' is derived from the Spanish word ''soldada'' which denotes a payment made to the person who provided for a soldier's well being.〔Don M. Coerver, Suzanne B. Pasztor, Robert Buffington, "Mexico: an encyclopedia of contemporary culture and history", ABC-CLIO, 2004, pg. 472.〕 Although in theory this payment would be for everyday tasks, much like a wife would perform, or for sexual relations, in fact, most soldaderas "who were either blood relations or companions of a soldier usually earned no economic recompense for their work, just like those women who did domestic work in their own home."〔 Soldaderas had been a part of Mexican military long before the Mexican Revolution; however, numbers increased dramatically with the outbreak the revolution. The revolution saw the emergence of a few female combatants and fewer commanding officers (''coronelas''). Soldaderas and coronelas are now often lumped together. Soldaderas as camp followers performed vital tasks such as taking care of the male soldiers; cooking, cleaning, setting up camp, cleaning their weapons and so forth. For soldaderas, the Mexican Revolution was their greatest time in history. Soldaderas came from various social backgrounds, with those "to emerge from obscurity belonged to the middle class and played a prominent role in the political movement that led to the revolution."〔Katz, ''The Life and Times of Pancho Villa'', p. 291.〕 Most were likely lower class, rural, mestizo and Indian women about whom little is known. Despite the emphasis on female combatants, without the female camp followers, the armies fighting in the Revolution would have been much worse off. When Pancho Villa banned soldaderas from his elite corps of ''Dorados'' within his División del Norte, the incidence of rape increased.〔Alan Knight, ''The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2: Counter-revolutionaries and Reconstruction''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 333.〕 They joined the revolution for many different reasons, however joining was not always voluntarily. == Differences between army factions == The Federal Army had large numbers of camp followers, often whole families of the troops. Women were important logistical support to male combatants, since the army did not have an organized way to provision troops. Women sourced food and cooked it for individual soldiers.〔Katz, ''The Life and Times of Pancho Villa'', p. 291.〕 For the Federal Army, its forced recruitment of soldiers (leva) meant that desertion rates were extremely high, since army service was a form of "semi-slavery." By allowing families to remain together, desertion rates were reduced.〔Katz, ''The Life and Times of Pancho Villa'', p. 291.〕 Much is known about the soldaderas of General Salvador Mercado's army, since he crossed the U.S. border after being beaten by Pancho Villa's army. Some 1,256 women and 554 children were interned in Fort Bliss along with 3,357 army officers and troops.〔Katz, ''The Life and Times of Pancho Villa'', p. 290.〕 When Villa heard of the plight of the destitute Mexican women at Fort Bliss who had appealed to Victoriano Huerta's government, Villa sent them 1,000 pesos in gold.〔Knight, ''Mexican Revolution, vol. 2'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 126.〕 In Northern Mexico, the early revolutionary forces (followers of Francisco I. Madero) that helped overthrow Porfirio Díaz in 1911 lacked camp followers, because there was not much need for them. Revolutionary combatants were mostly cavalry who operated locally rather than far from home as the Federal Army did. Horses were expensive and in short supply, so in general, women remained at home.〔Katz, ''Life and Times of Pancho Villa'', p. 291.〕 There were some female Maderista combatants, but there are no reports of there being significant numbers of them.〔Katz, ''The Life and Times of Pancho Villa'', p. 291.〕 In Southern Mexico, the Zapatista army, for the decade of revolutionary struggle, the combatants were usually based in their home villages and largely operated locally, so that camp followers were not necessary. The revolutionary army of the south recruited volunteers from villages, with many campesino villagers remaining non-combatants (''pacificos''). Sourcing food in the agriculturally rich region of Morelos did not necessitate camp followers, since villages would help out and feed the troops. When the Zapatistas operated farther from home and because the Zapatistas forces lacked camp followers, Zapatistas' rape of village women was a well-known phenomenon. After the overhrow of President Madero in February 1913 by General Victoriano Huerta, northern armies became armies of movement fighting far from home. The Constitutionalist Army divisions now utilized trains rather than cavalry to move men and war materiel, including their horses, as well as soldaderas. The change in technology enabled the movement of combatants, women and children, with horses and male soldiers inside box cars, with women and children on top of them. As with the Federal Army where allowing soldiers to have their wives, sweethearts, and possibly their children with them, soldiers' morale was better and the armies could retain their combatants. In the region where Villa's División del Norte operated, the railway network was more dense, allowing for greater numbers of women to be part of the enterprise. The utilized all possible space available to them, including the cow-catchers at the front of locomotives.〔Knight, ''Mexican Revolution, vol. 2'', p. 143.〕 In the region where Constitutionalist general Álvaro Obregón operated in Sonora, the network was less dense, there was more use of just cavalry, and fewer women and children.〔Katz, ''The Life and Times of Pancho Villa'', p. 291.〕 When the revolutionary factions split after the ouster of Huerta in 1914 and Obregón defeated his former comrade-in-arms Villa at the Battle of Celaya, Villa's forces were much reduced and were again on horseback. This smaller Villista force no longer included female camp followers and rape increased.〔Knight, ''Mexican Revolution, vol. 2'', p. 333.〕 A reported Villa atrocity with corrobaration was his killing of a soldadera supporting Villa's former First Chief, Venustiano Carranza, political head of the Constitutionalist faction. In December 1916, a Carrancista woman begged Villa for her husband's life; when informed he was already dead, the new widow called Villa a murderer and worse. Villa shot her dead. Villistas worried that other Carrancista soldaderas would denounce the death when their army returned, they urged Villa to kill the 90 Carrancista soldaderas. Villa's secretary was repelled at the scene slaughter, with the women's bodies piled upon one another, and a two-year old laughing on his mother's body. Elena Poniatowska gives a slightly different account. The story is that there was a shot fired from a group of women, towards Villa. None of the women, whether they actually knew or not, gave up a culprit. Villa then ordered his men to kill every single woman in the group. Everyone, including children, was killed. Villa's troops were then told to loot the bodies for valuables. During their search they found a baby still alive. Villa told them that their orders were to kill absolutely everyone, including the baby. For Villa biographer Friedrich Katz, "In moral terms, this execution marked a decisive decline of Villismo and contributed to its popular support in Chihuahua."〔Katz, ''The Life and Times of Pancho Villa'', p. 628.〕 Further Villista atrocities were reported in the Carrancista press.〔Katz, ''The Life and Times of Pancho Villa'', pp. 891-92〕 The treatment of women varied between different leaders, but in general they were not treated well at all. Even horses were said to be treated better than they were. The horses were valued much more, and so when traveling by train, the horses rode inside train cars while women traveled on the roof. Traveling by train was already risky since revolutionaries was known for blowing up trains and railroads. Being on the roof in plain sight was even more dangerous. There are also stories of women being used as shields to protect Alvaro Obregón's soldiers.〔Salas, ''Soldaderas in the Mexican Military, ''47.〕 Life for a soldadera, camp follower or soldier, was extremely hard.〔Soto, ''Emergence of the Modern Mexican Woman: Her Participation in Revolution and Struggle for Equality 1910-1940, ''44.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「soldaderas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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