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silat
Silat is a collective word for a class of indigenous martial arts from a geo-cultural area of Southeast Asia encompassing most of the Nusantara, the Indonesian Archipelago, the Malay Archipelago and the entirety of the Malay Peninsula. Originally developed in what are now Indonesia, peninsular Malaysia, south Thailand, and Singapore, it is also traditionally practiced in Brunei, Vietnam and the southern Philippines. There are hundreds of different styles (''aliran'') and schools (''perguruan'') but they tend to focus either on strikes, joint manipulation, throws, bladed weaponry, or some combination thereof. Silat is one of the sports included in the Southeast Asian Games and other region-wide competitions. Training halls are overseen by separate national organizations in each of the main countries the art is practiced. These are ''Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia'' (IPSI) from Indonesia, ''Persekutuan Silat Kebangsaan Malaysia'' (PESAKA) from Malaysia, ''Persekutuan Silat Brunei Darussalam'' (PERSIB) from Brunei and ''Persekutuan Silat Singapura'' (PERSISI) from Singapore. Practitioners are called ''pesilat''.
While the word ''silat'' is used by Malay-speakers throughout Southeast Asia, the art is officially called pencak silat in Indonesia. Primarily a Javanese term, other names include ''silek'' (the Minang pronunciation of silat), ''penca'' (used in West Java), ''main-po'' or ''maen po'' (in the lower speech of Sundanese), and ''gayong'' or ''gayung'' (used in parts of Malaysia and Sumatra). The clear distinction between Indonesian and Peninsular silat is a relatively recent one based mainly on post-independence patriotic sentiments. The term silat Melayu ("Malay silat") was originally used in reference to Riau but is today commonly used for referring to systems created on the Southeast Asian mainland. Generally speaking, silat Melayu is often associated with fixed hand positions, low stances, and slow dance-like movements. While this generalization does not necessarily reflect the reality of silat techniques, it has had a notable influence on the stereotypical way the art is portrayed in Malaysia, Singapore, and to a lesser extent, Brunei.
==Etymology==
The origin of the word ''silat'' is uncertain but it is almost certainly related to the Tamil word silambam, which has long been practiced by the Indian community of Malaysia. Silambam's preset forms are also referred to as ''silatguvarisai''. However, the most popular etymological hypotheses link silat to any similar-sounding word. The most common theory is that it derives from ''sekilat'' meaning "as (fast as) lightning". Other theories derive silat from the Sanskrit ''sīla'' meaning morality or principle, or the Chinese ''saula'' which means to push or perform with the hands.〔 Other similar-sounding words have been proposed, but are generally not considered by etymologists. One example is ''si elat'' which means someone who confuses, deceives or bluffs. A similar term, ''ilat'', means an accident, misfortune or a calamity.〔''Silat Dinobatkan Seni Beladiri Terbaik'' by Pendita Anuar Abd. Wahab AMN (pg. 42 SENI BELADIRI June 2007, no: 15(119) P 14369/10/2007)〕 Yet another similar-sounding word is ''silap'' meaning wrong or error. Some styles contain a set of techniques called ''Langkah Silap'' designed to lead the opponent into making a mistake.
In its proper usage in the languages of its origin, silat is often a general term for any fighting style. This is still common in Indonesia where in some regions both ''silat'' and ''kuntao'' are traditionally interchangeable. After the European colonial creation of a single unified "Malay" identity, the word has taken on a more ethno-nationalistic tone in much of Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore where silat usually refers specifically to martial arts of Malay or Indonesian origin, while other systems are generically called ''seni bela-diri'' meaning "self-defense arts".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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