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sardonicism
Sardonicism is "the quality or state of being sardonic; an instance of this; a sardonic remark."〔''Oxford English Dictionary'': sardonicism.〕 A ''sardonic'' action is one that is "disdainfully or skeptically humorous" or "derisively mocking."〔(''Merriam-Webster dictionary''. )〕 Also, when referring to laughter or a smile, it is "bitter, scornful, mocking." Hence, when referring to a person or a personal attribute, it is "()haracterized by or exhibiting bitterness, scorn or mockery."〔''Oxford English Dictionary'': sardonic.〕
== Origin ==
The etymology of sardonicism as both a word and concept is uncertain, but it appears to stem from the name for the Mediterranean island of Sardinia. The Byzantine Greek ''Suda'' traces its earliest roots to the notion of grinning ((ギリシア語:sairō)) in the face of danger, or curling one's lips back at evil.〔http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?login=guest&enlogin=guest&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=sigma,124〕 One explanation for the later alteration to its more familiar form and connection to laughter (supported by the ''Oxford English Dictionary'') appears to stem from an ancient belief that ingesting the ''sardonion'' plant from Sardinia ((ギリシア語:''Sardō'')) would result in convulsions resembling laughter and, ultimately, death. In ''Theory and History of Folklore'', Vladimir Propp discusses alleged examples of ritual laughter accompanying death and killing, all involving groups. These he characterized as sardonic laughter.〔Vladimir Propp, Theory and History of Folklore, Ritual laughter in folklore, p. 134-35. Anthology edited by Anatoly Liberman.〕
Among the very ancient people of Sardinia, who were called Sardi or Sardoni, it was customary to kill old people. While killing their old people, the Sardi laughed loudly. This is the origin of notorious sardonic laughter (Eugen Fehrle, 1930), now meaning cruel, malicious laughter. In light of our findings things begin to look different. Laughter accompanies the passage from death to life; it creates life and accompanies birth. Consequently, laughter accompanying killing transforms death into a new birth, nullifies murder as such, and is an act of piety that transforms death into a new life.〔Vladimir Propp, Theory and History of Folklore, Ritual laughter in folklore, p. 134-35. Anthology edited by Anatoly Liberman.〕
A root form may first appear in Homer's ''Odyssey'' as the Ancient Greek ''sardánios'', for scornful laughter.〔(''Collin's English Dictionary'': sardonic. )〕 From the (ギリシア語:''sardónios'') evolved the (ラテン語:sardonius), thence the (フランス語: sardonique), and ultimately the familiar English adjectival form, ''sardonic''.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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