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protospatharios
''Prōtospatharios'' ((ギリシア語:πρωτοσπαθάριος)) was one of the highest court dignities of the middle Byzantine period (8th to 12th centuries), awarded to senior generals and provincial governors, as well as to foreign princes.〔The term "prōtospatharios" was often abbreviated in seals and documents as άσπαθάριος, from the Greek numeral α', "one, first".〕
==History==
The meaning of the title, "first ''spatharios''", indicates its original role as leader of the order (''taxis'') of the ''spatharioi'', imperial bodyguards, already attested in the 6th century. Probably under the Heraclians, the rank became an honorary dignity (Greek: δια βραβείου άξια, ''dia brabeiou axia''), and was henceforth bestowed to high-ranking theme commanders, senior court officials, and allied rulers.〔.〕〔.〕 The first concrete reference to a ''prōtospatharios'' occurs in the ''Chronicle'' of Theophanes the Confessor, who records "Sergios, ''prōtospatharios'' and ''stratēgos'' of Sicily" in 718.〔 In the late 9th century, the ''prōtospatharios'' is recorded as ranking below the ''patrikios'' and above the ''dishypatos''.〔.〕 The award of the dignity also meant the entry of its holder in the Byzantine Senate. Its prestige was consequently very high, as illustrated by a well-known story related by Emperor Constantine Porphyrogennetos (r. 913–959) in his ''De Administrando Imperio'': during the reign of his father, Emperor Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912), an aged cleric of the ''Nea Ekklesia'', Ktenas by name, paid 60 litras of gold (circa 19.4 kg),〔. A ''litra'' ((ラテン語:libra)), more specifically the ''logarikē'' or ''chrysaphikē'' type, was equivalent to 324 grams.〕 i.e. sixty times the annual stipend of 72 ''nomismata'' to which ''prōtospatharioi'' were entitled, to acquire the title. He did not live long to enjoy his new status, however, dying two years later.〔〔.〕 Like other titles of the middle Byzantine period, its importance declined sharply in the 11th century. The last attested occurrence is in 1115, although the title is still recorded by pseudo-Kodinos in the mid-14th century.〔
According to the ''Klētorologion'' of Philotheos, the holders of the dignity were distinguished between eunuchs (''ektomiai'') and non-eunuchs (''barbatoi'', "bearded ones"). In addition to the insigne of their rank, a gold necklet (''maniakion'') adorned with pearls, the former had a special dress, a white, gold-adorned tunic and a red doublet with gold facings. The non-eunuchs were distinguished only by their golden collar (''kloios''), decorated with precious stones.〔.〕 Pictorial evidence of the dress of ''prōtospatharioi'' in illuminated manuscripts, however, varies considerably over time.〔 In the ''De Officiis'' of pseudo-Kodinos, the garb of this rank is defined as a gold wire-embroidered ''skaranikon'' (a tubular headdress), with the image of the reigning emperor enthroned in front and riding a horse behind, a gold ''kabbadion'' (caftan) and a ''skiadion'' (brimmed hat) of the ''klapōton'' type,〔. The ''klapōton'' type involves something being "decorated with small golden squares in the shape of a nailhead".〕 while bearing no distinctive ''dikanikion'' (staff of office).〔Pseudo-Kodinos. ''De Officiis'', Chapter IV.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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