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''Populares'' ("favoring the people", singular ''popularis'') were leaders in the late Roman Republic who relied on the people's assemblies and tribunate to acquire political power. They are regarded in modern scholarship as in opposition to the ''optimates'', who are identified with the conservative interests of a senatorial elite. The ''populares'' themselves, however, were also of senatorial rank and might be patricians, noble plebeians or Equites. ''Populares'' addressed the problems of the urban ''plebs,'' particularly subsidizing a grain dole. They also garnered political support by attempts to expand citizenship to communities outside Rome and Italy. Popularist politics reached a peak under the dictatorship of Julius Caesar, who had relied on the support of the people in his rise to power.〔C.B.R. Pelling, "Plutarch and Roman Politics," in ''Past Perspectives: Studies in Greek and Roman Historical Writing. Papers Presented at a Conference in Leeds, 6–8 April 1983'' (Cambridge University Press, 1986), pp. 159–16, 165–169 (online ): "Plutarch is there (his ''Life of Caesar'' ) very concerned to ''explain'' Caesar's rise to tyranny … . From the beginning, Caesar is the champion and the favourite of the Roman ''demos''. When they support him, he rises; when he loses their favour, he falls." Cassius Dio (36.43.3) noted that Caesar "courted the good-will of the multitude, observing how much stronger they were than the senate." See especially Fergus Millar, ''The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic'' (University of Michigan Press, 2002), pp. 75–76 (online ) ''et passim''. Caesar's popular support also discussed in Lily Ross Taylor, ''Party Politics in the Age of Caesar'' (University of California Press, 1949), p. 93 (online ) ''et passim''; P.A. Brunt, ''The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays'' (Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 1–92, limited preview (online ); Zvi Yavetz, "The Popularity of Julius Caesar," in ''Plebs and Princeps'' (Transaction, 1988), pp. 38–57, especially p. 45 (online ) ("Such was Caesar's policy: consolidation based on a body of supporters as heterogenous in class as possible, among them the ''plebs urbana''); Henrik Mouritsen, ''Plebs and Politics in the Late Roman Republic'' (Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 1, 9, ''et passim''. On the paradox of "Caesarism" (i.e., the combination of popular support and tyranny), see Peter R. Baehr, ''Caesar and the Fading of the Roman World: A Study in Republicanism and Caesarism'' (Transaction Publishers, 1998), limited preview (online. )〕 After the creation of the Second Triumvirate (43 BC–33 BC), ''popularis'' ceased to be a relevant political label. Besides Caesar, notable ''populares'' included the Gracchi brothers, Marius, Cinna, Sertorius, Saturninus, Sulpicius Rufus, Drusus, Clodius Pulcher, Rullus and (during the First Triumvirate) Crassus and Pompey. Both Pompey and Crassus had, however, fought on the side of Sulla during the civil war, and after the death of Crassus, Pompey eventually reverted〔Boatwright, Gargola (2004), p. 244.〕 to his position as a conservative ''optimas''. These shifting allegiances are reminders that the designation ''populares'' refers as much to political tactics as to any perceived policy. Indeed, Republican politicians 'had always been more divided on issues of style than of policy'.〔Holland, T. (2003) 'Rubicon: The Triumph and Tragedy of the Roman Republic' (London: Abacus), p. 194.〕 ==Prominent members== * Tiberius Gracchus * Gaius Gracchus * Gaius Marius * Lucius Appuleius Saturninus * Quintus Sertorius * Marcus Aemilius Lepidus * Marcus Licinius Crassus * Catiline * Julius Caesar * Publius Clodius Pulcher * Mark Antony 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「populares」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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