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polyandry
Polyandry (; from ''poly-'', "many" and ἀνήρ ''anēr'', "man") involves marriage that includes more than two partners and can fall under the broader category of polyamory.〔http://www.scienceofrelationships.com/home/2012/8/17/opening-up-challenging-myths-about-consensual-non-monogamy.html〕 More specifically, it is a form of polygamy whereby a woman takes two or more husbands at the same time. Polyandry is contrasted with polygyny, involving one male and two or more females. If a marriage involve a plural number of "husbands and wives" participants of each gender, it can be called polyamory,〔http://www.ejhs.org/volume6/polyamory.htm〕 group or conjoint marriage.〔 In its broadest use, polyandry refers to sexual relations with multiple males within or without marriage.
Of the 1,231 societies listed in the 1980 Ethnographic Atlas, 186 were found to be monogamous; 453 had occasional polygyny; 588 had more frequent polygyny; and 4 had polyandry.〔(''Ethnographic Atlas Codebook'' ) derived from George P. Murdock’s ''Ethnographic Atlas'' recording the marital composition of 1,231 societies from 1960 to 1980.〕 Polyandry is less rare than this figure which listed only those examples found in the Himalayan mountains (28 societies). More recent studies have found more than 50 other societies practicing polyandry.
Fraternal polyandry was traditionally practiced among Tibetans in Nepal, parts of China and part of northern India, in which two or more brothers are married to the same wife, with the wife having equal "sexual access" to them. It is associated with ''partible paternity'', the cultural belief that a child can have more than one father.〔
Polyandry is believed to be more likely in societies with scarce environmental resources, as it is believed to limit human population growth and enhance child survival.〔(Linda Stone, ''Kinship and Gender'', 2006, Westview, 3rd ed., ch. 6) (The Center for Research on Tibet ) Papers on Tibetan Marriage and Polyandry (accessed October 1, 2006).〕 It is a rare form of marriage that exists not only among poor families, but also the elite.〔Goldstein, "Pahari and Tibetan Polyandry Revisited" in ''Ethnology'' 17(3): 325–327 (1978) ((The Center for Research on Tibet ); accessed October 1, 2007).〕 For example, polyandry in the Himalayan mountains is related to the scarcity of land; the marriage of all brothers in a family to the same wife allows family land to remain intact and undivided. If every brother married separately and had children, family land would be split into unsustainable small plots. In Europe, this was prevented through the social practice of impartible inheritance (i.e. disinheriting most siblings, many of whom then became celibate monks and priests).
==Types==
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