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The pistachio (, -, (ペルシア語:پسته); ''Pistacia vera''), a member of the cashew family, is a small tree originating from Central Asia and the Middle East.〔〔AL-Saghir, M.G., and D.M. Porter. 2012. Taxonomic revision of the genus ''Pistacia'' L. (Anacardiaceae). ''American Journal of Plant Sciences'', 3: 12-32.〕 The tree produces seeds that are widely consumed as food. ''Pistacia vera'' often is confused with other species in the genus ''Pistacia'' that are also known as pistachio. These other species can be distinguished by their geographic distributions (in the wild) and their seeds which are much smaller and have a soft shell. == History == Archaeology shows that pistachio seeds were a common food as early as 6750 BC.〔 Pliny the Elder writes in his ''Natural History'' that ''pistacia'', "well known among us," was one of the trees unique to Syria, and that the seed was introduced into Italy by the Roman Proconsul in Syria, Lucius Vitellius the Elder (in office in 35 AD) and into Hispania at the same time by Flaccus Pompeius.〔Pliny's Natural History, xiii.10.5, xv.22.〕 The early sixth-century manuscript ''De observatione ciborum'' ("On the observance of foods") by Anthimus implies that ''pistacia'' remained well known in Europe in Late Antiquity. Archaeologists have found evidence from excavations at Jarmo in northeastern Iraq for the consumption of atlantic pistachio.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ireco.lu/UK/pistachionut.html )〕 The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were said to have contained pistachio trees during the reign of King Merodach-Baladan about 700 BC.〔 The modern pistachio ''P. vera'' was first cultivated in Bronze Age Central Asia where the earliest example is from Djarkutan, modern Uzbekistan. It appears in Dioscurides as ''pistakia'' πιστάκια, recognizable as ''P. vera'' by its comparison to pine nuts.〔James Strong, ed. ''Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature,'' ''s.v.'' "Nut".〕 Additionally, remains of the Atlantic pistachio and pistachio seed along with nut-cracking tools were discovered by archaeologists at the Gesher Benot Ya'aqov site in Israel's Hula Valley, dated to 78,000 years ago. More recently, the pistachio has been cultivated commercially in many parts of the English-speaking world, in Australia, and in New Mexico〔Esteban Herrera (1997) ''Growing pistachios in New Mexico,'' New Mexico State University, Cooperative Extension Service, Circular 532 ()〕 and California, of the United States, where it was introduced in 1854 as a garden tree.〔(Introduction to Fruit Crops (Published Online) ), Mark Rieger, Rieger asserts that pistachios began to be commercially harvested in the 1970s. 2006〕 David Fairchild of the United States Department of Agriculture introduced hardier cultivars collected in China to California in 1904 and 1905, but it was not promoted as a commercial crop until 1929.〔〔; Commissioner of Horticulture of the State of California,''Biennial report''1905/06, vol. II:392.〕 Walter T. Swingle’s pistachios from Syria had already fruited well at Niles by 1917.〔Liberty Hyde Bailey, ''Cyclopedia of American Agriculture: II.Crops'', 1917, ''s.v.''"Importance of plant introduction" p.〕 The earliest records of pistachio in English are around roughly year 1400, with the spellings "pistace" and "pistacia". The word pistachio comes from medieval Italian ''pistacchio'', which is from classical Latin ''pistacium'', which is from ancient Greek ''pistákion'' and ''pistákē'', which is generally believed to be from Middle Persian, although unattested in Middle Persian. Later in Persian, the word is attested in Persian as ''pesteh''. As mentioned, the tree came to the ancient Greeks from Western Asia.〔(ref2 ), (ref2 ).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「pistachio」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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