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phylum
In biology, a phylum (; plural: phyla)〔The term was coined by Haeckel from Greek φῦλον ''phylon'', "race, stock," related to φυλή ''phyle'', "tribe, clan."〕 is a taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division was used instead of "phylum", although from 1993 the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants accepted the designation "phylum". The kingdom Animalia contains approximately 35 phyla, Plantae contains 12, and Fungi contains 7. Current research in phylogenetics is uncovering the relationships between phyla, which are contained in larger clades, like Ecdysozoa and Embryophyta.
== General description and familiar examples ==
The definitions of zoological phyla have changed importantly from their origins in the six Linnaean classes and the four "embranchements" of Georges Cuvier.〔Collins AG, Valentine JW (2001). ("Defining phyla: evolutionary pathways to metazoan body plans." ) Evol. Dev. 3: 432-442.〕 Haeckel introduced the term ''phylum'', based on the Greek word ''phylon''. In plant taxonomy, Eichler (1883) classified plants into five groups, named divisions.
Informally, phyla can be thought of as grouping organisms based on general specialization of body plan. At its most basic, a phylum can be defined in two ways: as a group of organisms with a certain degree of morphological or developmental similarity (the phenetic definition), or a group of organisms with a certain degree of evolutionary relatedness (the phylogenetic definition). Attempting to define a level of the Linnean hierarchy without referring to (evolutionary) relatedness is unsatisfactory, but a phenetic definition is useful when addressing questions of a morphological nature—such as how successful different body plans were.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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