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Pharaoh (, 〔''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition''. Merriam-Webster, 2007. p. 928〕〔''Dictionary Reference'': (pharaoh )〕 or 〔) is the common title of the kings of Ancient Egypt until the Macedonian conquest. ==Etymology== The word ''pharaoh'' ultimately was derived from a compound word represented as ', written with the two biliteral hieroglyphs ' "house" and ' "column". It was used only in larger phrases such as ''smr pr-aa'' 'Courtier of the High House', with specific reference to the buildings of the court or palace.〔''Ancient Egyptian Grammar'' (3rd ed.), A. Gardiner (1957) 71–76〕 From the twelfth dynasty onward, the word appears in a wish formula 'Great House, may it live, prosper, and be in health', but again only with reference to the royal palace and not the person. During the reign of Thutmose III (''circa'' 1479–1425 BC) in the New Kingdom, after the foreign rule of the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period, ''pharaoh'' became the form of address for a person who was king.〔Redmount, Carol A. "Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt." p. 89–90. ''The Oxford History of the Biblical World''. Michael D. Coogan, ed. Oxford University Press. 1998.〕 The earliest instance where ''pr-aa'' is used specifically to address the ruler is in a letter to Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), who reigned ''circa'' 1353–1336 BC, which is addressed to 'Pharaoh, ''all life, prosperity, and health!''.〔''Hieratic Papyrus from Kahun and Gurob'', F. LL. Griffith, 38, 17. Although see also ''Temples of Armant'', R. Mond and O. Myers (1940), pl.93, 5 for an instance possibly dating from the reign of Thutmose III.〕 During the eighteenth dynasty (16th to 14th centuries BC) the title pharaoh was employed as a reverential designation of the ruler. About the late twenty-first dynasty (10th century BC), however, instead of being used alone as before, it began to be added to the other titles before the ruler's name, and from the twenty-fifth dynasty (eighth to seventh centuries BC) it was, at least in ordinary usage, the only epithet prefixed to the royal appellative.〔"pharaoh." in ''Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.〕 From the nineteenth dynasty onward ''pr-ꜥꜣ'' on its own was used as regularly as ''hm.f'', 'Majesty'. The term, therefore, evolved from a word specifically referring to a building to a respectful designation for the ruler, particularly by the twenty-second dynasty and twenty-third dynasty. For instance, the first dated appearance of the title pharaoh being attached to a ruler's name occurs in Year 17 of Siamun on a fragment from the Karnak Priestly Annals. Here, an induction of an individual to the Amun priesthood is dated specifically to the reign of Pharaoh Siamun.〔J-M. Kruchten, Les annales des pretres de Karnak (OLA 32), 1989, pp.47-48〕 This new practice was continued under his successor Psusennes II and the twenty-second dynasty kings. For instance, the Large Dakhla stela is specifically dated to Year 5 of king 'Pharaoh Shoshenk, beloved of Amun' whom all Egyptologists concur was Shoshenq I--the founder of the Twenty-second dynasty--including Alan Gardiner in his original 1933 publication of this stela.〔Alan Gardiner, The Dakhleh Stela, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology Vol. 19, No. 1/2 (May, 1933) pp.19-30〕 Shoshenq I was the second successor of Siamun. Meanwhile, the old custom of referring to the sovereign simply as ''pr-aa'' continued in traditional Egyptian narratives. By this time, the Late Egyptian word is reconstructed to have been pronounced whence comes Ancient Greek (unicode:φαραώ) ''(unicode:pharaō)'' and then Late Latin ''(unicode:pharaō)''. From the latter, English obtained the word "Pharaoh". In the Bible, the title also occurs as פרעה []. Over time, evolved into Sahidic Coptic ''prro'' and then ''rro'' (by mistaking ''p-'' as the definite article prefix "the" from Ancient Egyptian ''pꜣ'').〔Walter C. Till: "Koptische Grammatik." ''VEB Verläg Enzyklopädie'', Leipzig, 1961. p. 62〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「pharaoh」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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