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obbligato
In classical music ''obbligato'' usually describes a musical line that is in some way indispensable in performance. Its opposite is the marking ''ad libitum''. It can also be used, more specifically, to indicate that a passage of music was to be played exactly as written, or only by the specified instrument, without changes or omissions. The word is borrowed from Italian (an adjective meaning ''fixed''; from Latin ''obligatus'' p.p. of ''obligare'', to oblige); the spelling ''obligato'' is not acceptable in British English;〔"Obbligato" in ''The Oxford Dictionary of Music'', Oxford University Press: Michael Kennedy (ed.), 1985〕 however, it is often used as an alternative spelling in the US.〔https://www.wordnik.com/words/obligato〕 The word can stand on its own, in English, as a noun, or appear as a modifier in a noun phrase (e.g. ''organ obbligato'').
==Independence==
''Obbligato'' includes the idea of independence, as in C.P.E. Bach's 1780 Symphonies "''mit zwölf obligaten Stimmen''" ("with twelve ''obbligato'' parts") by which Bach was referring to the independent woodwind parts he was using for the first time. These parts were also ''obbligato'' in the sense of being indispensable.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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