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nuclease
A nuclease is an enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids. Older publications may use terms such as "polynucleotidase" or "nucleodepolymerase".〔Avery, O.T., MacLeod, C.M., McCarty, M. (1944). Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types: Induction of transformation by a desoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from Pneumococcus type III. J. Exp. Med. 79: 137-158.〕
Nucleases are usually further divided into endonucleases and exonucleases, although some of the enzymes may fall in both categories. Well known nucleases are deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease.
==Introduction==
In the late 1960s, scientists Stuart Linn and Werner Arber isolated examples of the two types of enzymes responsible for phage growth restriction in Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria.〔Linn S., Arber, W. (1968). Host specificity of DNA produced by Escherichia coli, X. In vitro restriction of phage fd replicative form. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 59:1300-1306〕〔Arber, W., Linn S. (1969) DNA modification and restriction. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 38:467-500〕 One of these enzymes added a
methyl group to the DNA, generating methylated DNA, while the other cleaved unmethylated DNA at a wide variety of locations along the length of the molecule. The first type of enzyme was called a "methylase" and the other a "restriction nuclease". These enzymatic tools were important to scientists who were gathering the tools needed to "cut and paste" DNA molecules. What was then needed was a tool that would cut DNA at specific sites, rather than at random sites along the length of the molecule, so that scientists could cut DNA molecules in a predictable and reproducible way.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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