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Nivolumab (nye vol' ue mab; ONO-4538, BMS-936558, or MDX1106), marketed as Opdivo, is a human IgG4 anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody developed by Ono Pharmaceutical and Medarex (later acquired by Bristol-Myers Squibb) for the treatment of cancer.〔(Statement On A Nonproprietary Name Adopted By The USAN Council - Nivolumab ), ''American Medical Association''.〕 Nivolumab acts as an immunomodulator by blocking ligand activation of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor on activated T cells. Nivolumab is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma who no longer respond to other drugs. In addition, it is approved for the treatment of squamous non-small cell lung cancer. ==Mechanism of action== Nivolumab is an inhibitory ligand blocking antibody against the programmed death receptor. In contrast to traditional chemotherapies and targeted anti-cancer therapies, which exert their effects by direct cytotoxic or tumor growth inhibition, nivolumab acts by blocking a negative regulator of T-cell activation and response thus allowing the immune system to attack the tumor.〔 This is an example of immune checkpoint blockade. PD-1 is a protein on the surface of activated T cells. If another molecule, called programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 or programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L1 or PD-L2), binds to PD-1, the T cell becomes inactive. This is one way that the body regulates the immune system, to avoid an overreaction. Many cancer cells make PD-L1, which inhibits T cells from attacking the tumor. Nivolumab blocks PD-L1 from binding to PD-1, allowing the T cell to work.〔〔 PD-1 blockade reinvigorates immune cells that are able to target cancer cells, which is speculated but not proven to reduce side effects.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Drug helps immune system fight cancer. )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「nivolumab」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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