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|popplace = Latin America, Caribbean, United States, South Africa, Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Mascarene Islands, United Kingdom, France, Portugal, Namibia |langs = Portuguese, Spanish, English, French, Dutch, Afrikaans, Creole languages, others. |rels |related = African peoples, Europeans (mostly British, Irish, French, Iberians, and Dutch), and Native Americans }} Mulatto is a term originally used to refer to a person who is born from one black parent and one white parent; or to persons of two Mulatto parents. Contemporary usage of the term is generally confined to situations in which the term is considered relevant in a historical context. For instance, in the 21st century, United States people of mixed white and black ancestry seldom choose to identify as "mulatto."〔White Americans Admixture (Serving History; "The Ancestry of Brazilian mtDNA Lineages" ) (National Library of Medicine, NIH; "Y-STR diversity and ethnic admixture in White and Mulatto Brazilian population samples" ) (Scielo. )〕 The term is considered archaic in the United States by some and largely viewed as pejorative. Accepted modern terms in the United States for people of mixed ancestry include "multiracial" and "biracial." However, these include other racial mixtures and it is still the formal register specific to a black-white mixture. Residents of Spain, Latin America, the Caribbean and some countries in Africa use the term freely, usually without suggesting any insult.〔(RAE )〕 In Latin America, most mulattoes are descendants of generational "race-mixing" dating to the slavery period. This is especially true in Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Haiti, Cape Verde and Puerto Rico, which have the highest proportions of mulattoes. ==Etymology== The etymology of the term is usually believed to derive from the Spanish and Portuguese ''mulato'', which comes from ''mula'' (old Galician-Portuguese, from the Latin ''mūlus''), meaning mule, the hybrid offspring of a horse and a donkey. Some dictionaries and scholarly works trace the word's origins to the Arabic term ''muwallad'', which means "a person of mixed ancestry". ''Muwallad'' literally means "born, begotten, produced, generated; brought up", with the implication of being born and raised among Arabs, but not of Arab blood. ''Muwallad'' is derived from the root word ''WaLaD'' (Arabic: ولد direct Arabic transliteration: ''waw, lam, dal''), and colloquial Arabic pronunciation can vary greatly. ''Walad'' means, "descendant, offspring, scion; child; son; boy; young animal, young one". In al-Andalus, ''Muwallad'' referred to the offspring of non-Arab/Muslim people who adopted the Islamic religion and manners. Specifically, the term was historically applied to the descendants of indigenous Christian Iberians who, after several generations of living among a Muslim majority, adopted their culture and religion. Notable examples of this category include the famous Muslim scholar Ibn Hazm. According to Lisan al-Arab, one of the earliest Arab dictionaries (c. 13th century AD), applied the term to the children of Non-Muslim (often Christian) slaves or Non-Muslim children who were captured in a war and were raised by Muslims to follow their religion and culture. Thus, in this context, the term "Muwalad" has a meaning close to "the adopted". According to the same source, the term does not denote being of mixed race but rather being of foreign-blood and local culture. According to Julio Izquierdo Labrado, the 19th-century linguist Leopoldo Eguilaz y Yanguas, as well as some Arabic sources ''muwallad'' is the etymological origin of ''mulato''. These sources specify that ''mulato'' would have been derived directly from ''muwallad'' independently of the related word ''muladí'', a term that was applied to Iberian Christians who had converted to Islam during the Moorish governance of Iberia in the Middle Ages. The Real Academia Española (Spanish Royal Academy) casts doubt on the ''muwallad'' theory. It states, "The term ''mulata'' is documented in our diachronic data bank in 1472 and is used in reference to livestock mules in ''Documentacion medieval de la Corte de Justicia de Ganaderos de Zaragoza'', whereas ''muladí'' (from ''mullawadí'') does not appear until the 18th century, according to () Corominas". Scholars such as Werner Sollors cast doubt on the mule etymology for mulatto. In the 18th and 19th centuries, racialists such as Edward Long and Josiah Nott began to assert that mulattoes were sterile like mules. They projected this belief back onto the etymology of the word mulatto. Sollers points out that this etymology is anachronistic: "The Mulatto sterility hypothesis that has much to do with the rejection of the term by some writers is only half as old as the word 'Mulatto.'"〔Werner Sollors, ''Neither Black Nor White Yet Both'', Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 129.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「mulatto」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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