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limpet : ウィキペディア英語版
limpet

A limpet is an aquatic snail with a shell that is broadly conical in shape. "Limpet" informally refers to any gastropod whose shell has no obvious coiling, like the coiling which can be seen in the shells of garden snails or winkles.
Although all limpets are members of the class Gastropoda, limpets are highly polyphyletic, meaning that the various groups that we call "limpets" have descended independently from different ancestral gastropods. This general category of conical shell is technically known as "patelliform", meaning dish-shaped. Some species of limpet live in fresh water,〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=21 February 2015 )〕 but these are the exception. All members of the large and ancient marine clade Patellogastropoda are limpets, and within that clade the family Patellidae in particular are often called the "true limpets".
Other groups, not in the same family, are also called limpets of one type or another, because of the similar shapes of their shells. Examples include the Fissurellidae, which are known as the "keyhole limpet" family. This family is part of the clade Vetigastropoda, however, many other members of the Vetigastropoda do not have the morphology of limpets.
In 2015, research performed at Queen Mary University of London and published in the Royal Society journal ''Interface'' concluded that "the tensile strength of limpet teeth can reach values significantly higher than spider silk, considered to be currently the strongest biological material". The tensile strength of the limpet teeth, which were able to withstand 4.9 GPa, was attributed to a high mineral volume fraction of reinforcing goethite nanofibres.〔〔Webb, Jonathan (18 February 2015). "(Limpet teeth set new strength record )". BBC News. (Archive ). Retrieved 27 February 2015.〕〔("Sea Snail Teeth Top Spider Silk as Strongest Material on Earth" ). NBC News. 19 February 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2015.〕〔("Limpets' teeth consist of the strongest biological material, scientists say" ). BBC. 18 February 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2015.〕〔("Limpet teeth rewrite record books" ). BBC. 18 February 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2015.〕
==Behaviour and ecology==

True limpets in the family Patellidae live on hard surfaces in the intertidal zone. Unlike barnacles or mussels, true limpets are capable of locomotion instead of being permanently attached to a single spot. However, when they need to resist strong wave action or other disturbances, limpets cling extremely strongly to the hard surface on which they live, using their muscular foot to apply suction combined with the effect of adhesive mucus. It often is very difficult to remove a true limpet from a rock without injuring or killing it.
All "true" limpets are marine and have gills. However, because the adaptive feature of a simple conical shell has repeatedly arisen independently in gastropod evolution, limpets from many different evolutionary lineages occur in widely different environments. Some saltwater limpets such as Trimusculidae breathe air, and some freshwater limpets are descendents of air-breathing land snails (e.g. the genus ''Ancylus'') whose ancestors had a pallial cavity serving as a lung. In these small freshwater limpets, that "lung" underwent secondary adaptation to allow the absorption of dissolved oxygen from water.

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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