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kirtana ((ベンガル語:কীর্তন); Kannada: ಕೀರ್ತನೆ; (マラーティー語:कीर्तन); (パンジャーブ語:ਕੀਰਤਨ); Hindi: कीर्तन; Telugu: కీర్తన; Tamil: கீர்த்தனை; Sanskrit (IAST): kīrtana; Sanskrit for "praise; eulogy";〔MacDonell, A. A. (2004). A practical Sanskrit Dictonary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.〕 also sankirtana) is call-and-response chanting performed in India's ''bhakti'' devotional traditions. A person performing kirtana is known as a ''kirtankara'' or, colloquially, a "kirtaneera". Kirtana practice involves chanting hymns or mantras to the accompaniment of instruments such as the harmonium, tablas, the two-headed ''mrdanga'' or ''pakhawaj'' drum and hand cymbals (''karatalas''). It is a major practice in Vaisnava devotionalism, Sikhism, the Sant traditions and some forms of Buddhism, as well as other religious groups. ''Kirtana'' is sometimes accompanied by story-telling and acting. Texts typically cover religious, mythological or social subjects.〔 〕 ==The bhakti movement== In the ''Bhagavad-gita'' (9.13-9.14) Lord Krishna states that great souls worship and glorify him single-mindedly, but the practice of kirtana was popularized as a means to this end in the bhakti movement of the Moghul era. It is often suggested as the form of religious activity best suited to the present age. Kirtana is often practiced as a kind of theatrical folk song with call-and-response chanting or antiphon. Narada, the ancient sage said to have composed the Narada Bhakti Sutra, is often spoken of as the originator of this tradition.〔http://faculty.washington.edu/novetzke/Divining%20an%20Author.pdf as read online〕〔 〕 The famous story of Prahlada in the ''Avatara Katha'' mentions kirtana as one of nine forms of worship, called the ''nava vidha bhakti''〔 〕 along with ''shravanam'' (listening), ''smaranam'' (remembrance), ''pada sevanam'' (service), ''archanam'' (offering), ''vandanam'', (obeisance), ''dasyam'' (servitude), ''sakhyam'' (friendship) and ''atmanivedanam'' (surrender). The so-called ''Naradiya Kirtana'' divides kirtana into five parts;〔 〕 ''naman'' (prayers),''purvaranga'' (spiritual lesson based on old epics), chanting, ''katha'' or ''akhyan'' (exegesis) and a final prayer for universal welfare. All in all this may last from half an hour to three hours. The Varkari saint Namdev (c. 1270–1350), a Shudra tailor, used the kirtana form of singing to praise the glory of god Vithoba.〔 In the early 16th century CE Chaitanya Mahaprabhu traveled throughout India popularizing Krishna sankirtana. In the second half of 16th century〔''Caste, Protest and Identity in Colonial India: The Namasudras of Bengal, 1872-1947''; By Sekhar Bandyopadhyay; Published 27 May 1997 by Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-0626-6〕 Kalachand Vidyalankar, a disciple of Mahaprabhu, made it popular in Bengal, where several schools (''sampradaya'') have been practicing it for hundreds of years, including the ''Kartavaja'' (which originated at Ghoshpara near Kalyani), the Baul minstrels and the ''Kalachandi'' (disciples of Kalachand Vidyalankar). Geetashree Chabi Bandyopadhyay and Radharani Devi are among many who achieved fame by singing ''kirtana''. Marathi kirtana is typically performed by one or two main performers, called ''Kirtankar'', accompanied by harmonium and ''tabla''. It involves singing, acting, dancing, and story-telling.〔 〕 〔 〕 It is usually based on poetry of the seven famous saints of Maharashtra; Nivruttinath, Dnyaneshwar, Sopandev, Muktabai, Eknath, Namdev and Tukaram.〔 〕 ''Jugalbandi Kirtan'' is performed by two persons, allowing question-answer, dialogue and debate. Performance requires skill in music, dance, comedy, oratory, debate, memory, general knowledge and Sanskrit literature. Training takes place at the Kirtan Kul in Sangli, the Akhil Bharatiya Kirtan Sanstha〔()〕 in Dadar, Mumbai, the Narad Mandir at Sadashiv Peth, Pune and the Kalidas Mahavidyalay in Ramtek, Nagpur as well as at smaller schools in Goa, Beed and Ujjain. ''Rashtriya Kirtan'' is a special form originated by Dattopant Patwardhan, who used the format to raise awareness of the struggle for freedom against the British regime using mythological stories. In modern times stories of great scientists, warriors, freedom fighters and social reformers entertain and educate the masses. Another form is named after Samarth Ramdas and based on his poetry. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「kirtan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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