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kartouwe
A kartouwe is a siege gun used in European warfare during the 16th and 17th centuries.〔Meyers (1907), p. 682; Brockhaus (1911), p. 943〕 The name is a corruption of Latin ''quartana''〔Meyers (1907), p. 682; Brockhaus (1911), p. 943; Adelung (1796), p. 1506〕 (quarter cannon).〔Llewellyn (1936), p. 24〕 ''Kartouwe'' is of Dutch origin,〔 in the Holy Roman Empire the gun was called Kartaune in German or cartouwe in contemporary Latin,〔Adelung (1796), p. 1506〕 in the Swedish Empire Kartow,〔 spelling variants include kartouw, kartouve,〔Peterson (2007), p.95〕 cartow,〔 cartaun,〔 courtaun〔 and others.
==Characteristics==
Kartouwen were developed from bombards.〔 A kartouwe has a caliber of , weighs about , and is designed to fire cannon balls weighing up to .〔Kasekamp (1990); Peterson (2007), p. 95〕 As a minimum, twenty horses or oxen were needed to move a kartouwe.〔
In addition to "whole" ("''hele''") kartouwen, there were also double,〔Kasekamp (1990)〕 half ("''halve''")〔Kasekamp (1990); Adelung (1796), p. 1506〕 and quarter kartouwen.〔 The barrel of a whole kartouwen has a length of 18 to 19 times the caliber, weighs to and was transported on a special wagon by 20 to 24 horses, another four to eight horses were needed to transport the mount (''lafette'').〔Medick & Winnige, entry "Stück"〕 The barrel length of a half-kartouwen is 32 to 34 times the caliber, which ranges between and .〔 Its barrel weighs to , the whole gun to .〔 Half-kartouwen fired cannon balls weighing between and , and for the transport of its barrel, 10 to 16 horses were needed.〔
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