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Intersex, in humans and other animals, describes variations in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, or genitals "that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies". Such variations may involve genital ambiguity, and combinations of chromosomal genotype and sexual phenotype other than XY-male and XX-female. Intersex people were previously referred to as hermaphrodites, but the term has fallen out of favor as it is considered to be misleading and stigmatizing. Some intersex infants and children, such as those with ambiguous outer genitalia, are surgically or hormonally altered to create more socially acceptable sex characteristics. However, this is considered controversial, with no firm evidence of good outcomes.〔(Submission 88 to the Australian Senate inquiry on the involuntary or coerced sterilisation of people with disabilities in Australia ), Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group (APEG), 27 June 2013〕 Such treatments may involve sterilization. Adults, including elite female athletes, have also been subjects of such treatment.〔 Research in the late 20th century indicates a growing medical consensus that diverse intersex bodies are normal—if relatively rare—forms of human biology. Increasingly these issues are recognized as human rights abuses, with statements from international〔〔 and national human rights and ethics institutions.〔〔 Intersex organizations have also issued joint statements over several years as part of an International Intersex Forum. In April 2015, Malta became the first country to outlaw non-consensual medical interventions to modify sex anatomy, including that of intersex people. Like all individuals, intersex people have various gender identities. Most identify as either a woman or man, while some may identify as neither exclusively a woman nor exclusively a man. Some intersex individuals may be raised as a woman or man but then identify with another gender identity later in life.〔〔〔〔 ==Definitions== According to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights: Another definition states that biological sex is determined by five factors present at birth:〔Knox, David; Schacht, Caroline. (2010) ''(Choices in Relationships: An Introduction to Marriage and the Family )''. 11 ed. Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781111833220. p. 64.〕 * the number and type of sex chromosomes; * the type of gonads—ovaries or testicles; * the sex hormones; * the internal reproductive anatomy (such as the uterus in females); and * the external genitalia. People whose five characteristics are not either all typically male or all typically female at birth are intersex.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=What is intersex? )〕 Intersex traits are not always apparent at birth; some babies may be born with ambiguous genitals, while others may have ambiguous internal organs (testes and ovaries). Others will not become aware that they are intersex—unless they receive genetic testing—because it does not manifest in their phenotype. In 2015, the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights described intersex people simply as being "born with atypical sex characteristics" that don't meet "binary sex stereotypes." The Council of Europe, in an explanatory memorandum to Resolution 1952 on Children's right to physical integrity, defines intersex as:〔(Children's right to physical integrity ), Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, Report Doc. 13297, 6 September 2013.〕 The Foreign Affairs Council of the Council of the European Union defined intersex in guidelines on the promotion of human rights in foreign affairs (2013):〔(Guidelines to Promote and Protect the Enjoyment of All Human Rights by Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex (LGBTI) Persons ), Foreign Affairs Council of the Council of the European Union, 24 June 2013.〕 The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights defined intersex as follows, as part of the Free & Equal campaign, 2013:〔(Free & Equal campaign Fact Sheets, LGBT Rights: Frequently Asked Questions ), Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2013, via (UN Free & Equal ).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「intersex」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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