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|Section2= |Section6= |Section7= }} Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide which acts as an insect neurotoxin and belongs to a class of chemicals called the neonicotinoids which act on the central nervous system of insects, with much lower toxicity to mammals. The chemical works by interfering with the transmission of stimuli in the insect nervous system. Specifically, it causes a blockage of the nicotinergic neuronal pathway. By blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, imidacloprid prevents acetylcholine from transmitting impulses between nerves, resulting in the insect's paralysis and eventual death. It is effective on contact and via stomach action.〔 Because imidacloprid binds much more strongly to insect neuron receptors than to mammal neuron receptors, this insecticide is more toxic to insects than to mammals. Imidacloprid is currently the most widely used insecticide in the world.〔 〕 Although it is now off patent, the primary manufacturer of this chemical is Bayer CropScience (part of Bayer AG). It is sold under many names for many uses; it can be applied by soil injection, tree injection, application to the skin of the plant, broadcast foliar, ground application as a granular or liquid formulation, or as a pesticide-coated seed treatment.〔() USDA Forest Service. Imidacloprid: Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment. Final Report. Dec 28, 2005.〕〔() National Pesticide Information Center. Imidacloprid: General Fact Sheet. May 2010.〕 Imidacloprid is widely used for pest control in agriculture. Other uses include application to foundations to prevent termite damage, pest control for gardens and turf, treatment of domestic pets to control fleas,〔 protection of trees from boring insects, and in preservative treatment of some types of lumber products (e.g., Ecolife brand).〔International Code Council Evaluation Service Report (ESR-1851 ), dated August 2011.〕 Recent research suggests that widespread agricultural use of imidacloprid and other pesticides may be contributing to honey bee colony collapse disorder, the decline of honey bee colonies in Europe and North America observed since 2006. As a result, several countries have restricted use of imidacloprid and other neonicotinoids.〔 In January 2013, the European Food Safety Authority stated that neonicotinoids pose an unacceptably high risk to bees, and that the industry-sponsored science upon which regulatory agencies' claims of safety have relied on may be flawed, or even deceptive.〔European Food Safety Authority (16 January 2013) ("Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for bees for the active substance clothianidin" ) ''EFSA Journal'' 11(1):3066.〕〔Damian Carrington (16 January 2013) ("Insecticide 'unacceptable' danger to bees, report finds" ) ''The Guardian''〕 ==Authorized uses== Imidacloprid is the most widely used insecticide in the world. Its major uses include: * Agriculture - Control of aphids, cane beetles, thrips, stink bugs, locusts, and a variety of other insects that damage crops * Arboriculture - Control of the emerald ash borer and other insects that attack trees (including hemlock, maple, oak, and birch)〔 * Home Protection - Control of termites,〔〔 carpenter ants, cockroaches, and moisture-loving insects * Domestic animals - Control of fleas (applied to the neck)〔 * Turf - Control of Japanese beetle larvae * Gardening - Control of aphids and other pests When used on plants, imidacloprid, which is systemic, is slowly taken up by plant roots and slowly translocated up the plant via xylem tissue. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「imidacloprid」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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