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ibid
''Ibid.'' (Latin, short for ''ibidem'', meaning "in the same place") is the term used to provide an endnote or footnote citation or reference for a source that was cited in the preceding endnote or footnote. This is similar in meaning to ''idem'' (meaning something that has been mentioned previously; the same), abbreviated ''Id.'', which is commonly used in legal citation.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Idem )〕 To find the ''ibid.'' source, one must look at the reference preceding it.
''Ibid.'' may also be used in the Harvard (name-date) system for in-text references where there has been a close previous citation from the same source material.〔Chicago Manual of Style Online, (13.64).〕〔New Hart's Rules, Oxford University Press, 2005, p.396〕 The previous reference should be immediately visible, e.g. within the same paragraph or page. Many academic publishers now prefer that "ibid." should not be given in italics, as it is a commonly found term.〔Eg, 〕
Notice that ''ibid.'' is an abbreviation where the last two letters of the word are not present; thus, it always takes a period (full stop) in both American and British usage.
==Example==
:() E. Vijh, ''Latin for Dummies'' (New York: Academic, 1997), p. 23.
:() ''Ibid''.
:() ''Ibid''., p. 29.
:() A. Alhazred, ''The Necronomicon'' (Petrus de Dacia, 1994).
:() ''Ibid.'' 1, p. 34.
Reference 2 is the same as reference 1: E. Vijh, ''Latin for Dummies'' on page 23, whereas reference 3 refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form ''Ibid. '', as in reference 5.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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