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Homebrewing is the brewing of beer on a small scale for personal, non-commercial purposes. Beer has been brewed on the domestic level since its advent, thousands of years prior to its commercial production. Through the years its legality has varied according to local regulation. ==History== Beer has been brewed domestically throughout its 7,000-year history, beginning in the Neolithic period in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), Egypt and China. It seems to have first developed as thick beers; during this time meads, fruit wines and rice wines were also developed. The Greeks and Romans cultivated both grape wine and beer, to a lesser extent. Roman women often directed production in larger households while the labor was performed by slaves. By the Tang dynasty, homebrewing seems to have been a familiar domestic chore in China, albeit the lower classes had to make do with poorly-filtered mash.〔Huang, H.T. ''Science and Civilisation in China'', Vol. VI, No. 5. ''Fermentations and Food Science'', (p. 233 ). Cambridge Univ. Press (Cambridge), 2000. Accessed 8 November 2013.〕 Laws against making alcohol were enacted and repealed between the Zhou and Ming dynasties. The 18th century Industrial Revolution brought about such innovations as the thermometer and hydrometer. These tools increased efficiency to the point that mass production of beer was possible for the first time in history. In 1857, French microbiologist Louis Pasteur explained the role of yeast in beer fermentation, allowing brewers to develop strains of yeast with desirable properties (conversion efficiency, ability to handle higher alcohol content). Throughout the first half of the 20th century, homebrewing in the UK was circumscribed by taxation: the Inland Revenue Act of 1880 introduced a 5-shilling homebrewing licence.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hansard 1803–2005 )〕 Chancellor of the Exchequer Reginald Maudling removed the requirement for a brewing licence in 1963.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Brewers Contact: Journal of the Craft Brewing Association )〕 Australia followed suit in 1972 when Gough Whitlam repealed the law prohibiting the brewing of all but the weakest beers in one of his first acts as Prime Minister. In 1920, due to Prohibition, breweries across the United States were closed down or began making malt for other purposes. The Homebrewing of beer with an alcohol content higher than 0.5% remained illegal until 1978 when Congress passed a bill repealing Federal restrictions and excise taxes, and President Jimmy Carter signed the bill, ''H.R. 1337'', into law.〔http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d095:HR01337:@@@L&summ2=m&〕 Within months of homebrewing's full legalization, Charlie Papazian founded the Brewers Association and American Homebrewers Association). In 1984, Papazian published ''The Complete Joy of Home Brewing'' which remains in print alongside later publications such as Graham Wheeler's ''Home Brewing: The CAMRA Guide''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「homebrewing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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