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hewer
A hewer ((ドイツ語:Hauer) or ''Häuer'') is a miner who loosens rock and minerals in a mine. In medieval mining in Europe a ''Hauer'' was the name given to a miner who had passed his test (''Hauerprüfung'') as a hewer.〔Walter Bischoff, Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: ''Das kleine Bergbaulexikon.'' 7th ed., Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7〕
== Training ==
In Europe in former times, before he could become a hewer, the miner had to learn to be a "sorter boy" (''Scheidejunge''), identifying ores and separating the ore from the gangue. After that he would continue his training in the pit itself. Here, he had to learn further skills, initially as a putter (''Hundtstößer'' literally "truck pusher"), transporting material around the mine in wagons. Only afterwards could he learn the skills, as an apprentice hewer (''Lehrhäuer''), that he would later need as a hewer.〔(Brockhaus' Kleines Konversations-Lexikon, 5th edition, Vol. 1. Leipzig, 1911., p. 186 )〕 This form of training, the acquisition of knowledge by experience, was practised in mining until the First World War.〔(Seminarprotokoll: Das schwarze und das gelbe Gold. p. Harries, J. Mooser )〕
From the 1920s, the training of hewers was legally regulated as a result of union demands. Because, in the meantime, many skills required special knowledge, other tradesmen were gradually employed in mining and in the pits: initially metalworkers and, later, electricians. Following training and passing exams, the craftsman had to gain practical experience in order to sit for his hewer examination. This comprised a theoretical and a practical element.〔(Beispiel einer Prüfungsordnung für einen Maschinenhauer ) (retrieved 13 September 2012)〕
The hewer exam could be taken once the miner was 20 years old. Between his apprenticeship as a sorter boy and the exam, the trainee hewer thus had at least two years of practical experience. After passing the hewer's exam there was a "graduation" event (''Lossprechung'').〔(DIETER SCHULZE-ELVERT: Meine Lossprechungsfeier im Duisburger Stadttheater )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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