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The heliobacteria are phototrophic: they convert light energy into chemical energy by photosynthesis and they use a Type I reaction centerHeinickel and Golbeck 2007. The primary pigment involved is bacteriochlorophyll ''g'', which is unique to the group and has a unique absorption spectrum; this gives the heliobacteria their own environmental niche. Phototrophy takes place at the cell membrane, which does not form folds or compartments as it does in purple bacteria. Even though heliobacteria are phototrophic, they can grow without light by fermentation of pyruvate. RNA trees place the heliobacteria among the Firmicutes but they do not stain gram-positively. They have no outer membrane and like certain other firmicutes (clostridia) they form heat resistant endospores, which contain high levels of calcium and dipicolinic acid. Heliobacteria are the only firmicutes known to conduct photosynthesis. Heliobacteria are photoheterotrophic, requiring organic carbon sources, and they are exclusively anaerobic. Chlorophyll g is inactivated by the presence of oxygen, making them obligate anaerobes (they cannot survive in aerobic conditions). So far heliobacteria have only been found in soils, and are apparently widespread in the waterlogged soils of paddy fields. They are avid nitrogen fixers and are therefore probably important in the fertility of paddy fields. == Taxonomy == Heliobacteria should not be confused with ''Helicobacter'', which is a different type of genus of bacteria. Family Heliobacteriaceae〔See the NCBI (webpage on Heliobacteriaceae ) Data extracted from the (【引用サイトリンク】 title=NCBI Taxonomy Browser )〕 *''Candidatus'' Helioclostridium♠ Girija et al. 2006 * *''Candidatus'' Helioclostridium ananthapuram♠ Girija et al. 2006 *''Heliorestis'' Bryantseva et al. 2000 * *''H. baculata'' Bryantseva et al. 2001 * *''H. convoluta''♠ Asao et al. 2005 * *''H. daurensis'' Bryantseva et al. 2000 *''Heliophilum'' Ormerod et al. 1996 * *''Heliophilum fasciatum'' Ormerod et al. 1996 *''Heliobacillus'' Beer-Romero and Gest 1998 * *''Candidatus'' H. elongatus♠ Girija et al. 2006 * *''H. mobilis'' Beer-Romero and Gest 1998 *''Heliobacterium'' Gest and Favinger 1985 * *''H. aridinosum''♠ Girija et al. 2006 * *''H. chlorum'' Gest and Favinger 1985 * *''H. gestii'' Ormerod et al. 1996 * *''H. modesticaldum'' Kimble et al. 1996 * *''H. sulfidophilum'' Bryantseva et al. 2001 * *''H. undosum'' Bryantseva et al. 2001 Notes: ♠ Strain found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but has no standing with the Bacteriological Code (1990 and subsequent Revision) as detailed by List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) as a result of the following reasons: • No pure culture isolated or available for Prokayotes. • Not validly published because the effective publication only documents deposit of the type strain in a single recognized culture collection. • Not approved and published by the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology or the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSB/IJSEM). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「heliobacteria」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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