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haskalah
''Haskala'' ((ヘブライ語:השכלה), "enlightenment" or "education"; often termed the "Jewish Enlightenment") was an extensive intellectual movement among the Jews of Central and Eastern Europe, with a certain influence on those residing in Western Europe and Muslim lands. Active from the 1770s to the 1880s, the ''Haskala'' advocated integration of the Jews into their surrounding societies, encouraging among others the adoption of local vernaculars, secular studies and economic productivization. Concurrently, the movement promoted a Jewish cultural revival, manifested mainly in the creation of modern Hebrew literature.
In its various stages, the Haskala had a key role in the modernization of European Jews. Its proponents, the ''Maskilim'', advocated and implemented social, educational and ideological reforms in the private and public spheres of Jewish society. Seeking transformation while maintaining Jewish separateness, they clashed both with the conservative rabbinical elite, which attempted to preserve traditional values in their entirety, and those who aspired for total assimilation.
==Characteristics==
The ''Haskala'' was a diverse phenomenon, which spread in different regions across several generations. Even the name itself was only systematically applied from 1860, when the newspaper ''Ha-Melitz'' added it to its motto, though derivatives of ''maskil'' and the like were already used much earlier. Yet Its proponents did have common features and a sense of self-identity. Those derived from their connection with the first ''maskilic'' centre in Berlin. The works of its leaders, among them Moses Mendelssohn, Isaac Satanow and Naphtali Hirz Wessely, were reprinted and reread by subsequent generations, with each adding to the literary canon of the next. This reflected one of the mainstays of ''Haskala'', the major achievement of which was the revival of Hebrew for secular uses. ''Kohelet Musar'' ("The Moralist"), published for a short while by Mendelssohn in 1755, was the beginning of modern Hebrew literature and the earliest periodical in that language. The ''maskilim'' renewed interest in Hebrew grammar, a topic relatively neglected. Historians described the movement as basically a Republic of Letters, centered around its printing houses and consisting of their readership.
The ''Haskalas main motivation and aim was the modernization of the Jews, in accordance with the rationalistic and liberal ideals of 18th and 19th Centuries. Members of the movement sought to acquaint their people with European culture, have them adopt the vernacular language of their lands, and integrate them into larger society. They opposed Jewish reclusiveness and self-segregation, called upon to discard traditional dress in favour of the prevalent one, and preached patriotism and loyalty to the new centralized governments. They acted to weaken and limit the jurisdiction of traditional community institutions - the rabbinic courts, empowered to rule on numerous civic matters, and the board of elders, which served as lay leadership. The ''maskilim'' perceived those as remnants of medieval discrimination. They criticised various traits of Jewish society, such as child marriage - traumatized memories from unions entered at the age of thirteen or fourteen are a common theme in ''Haskala'' literature - the use of anathema to enforce community will and the concentration on virtually only religious studies.
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