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grapheme
A grapheme is the smallest unit used in describing the writing system of any given language,〔Coulmas, F. (1996), The Blackwell's Encyclopedia of Writing Systems, Oxford: Blackwells, p.174〕 originally coined by analogy with the phoneme of spoken languages. A grapheme may or may not carry meaning by itself, and may or may not correspond to a single phoneme. Graphemes include alphabetic letters, typographic ligatures, Chinese characters, numerical digits, punctuation marks, and other individual symbols of any of the world's writing systems.
The word ''grapheme'' is derived from Greek γράφω ''gráphō'' ("write"), and the suffix ''-eme'', by analogy with ''phoneme'' and other names of emic units. The study of graphemes is called graphemics.
A grapheme is an abstract concept, similar to a character in computing. A glyph is a specific shape that represents that grapheme, in a specific typeface. For example, the abstract concept of "the Arabic numeral one" is a grapheme, which would have two different glyphs (allographs) in the fonts Times New Roman and Helvetica.
==Notation==
Graphemes are often notated within angle brackets, as , , etc.〔The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, second edition, Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 196〕 This is analogous to the slash notation (/a/, /b/) used for phonemes, and the square bracket notation used for phonetic transcriptions ((), ()).
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