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Gnutella ( with a silent ''g'', but often ) (possibly by analogy with the GNU Project) is a large peer-to-peer network. It was the first decentralized peer-to-peer network of its kind, leading to other, later networks adopting the model. It celebrated a decade of existence on March 14, 2010 and has a user base in the millions for peer-to-peer file sharing. In June 2005, gnutella's population was 1.81 million computers〔(Slyck News - eDonkey2000 Nearly Double the Size of FastTrack ), Thomas Mennecke for Slyck.com, June 2, 2005.〕 increasing to over three million nodes by January 2006.〔(On the Long-term Evolution of the Two-Tier Gnutella Overlay ). Rasti, Stutzbach, Rejaie, 2006. See Figure 2a.〕 In late 2007, it was the most popular file sharing network on the Internet with an estimated market share of more than 40%.〔(Ars Technica Study: BitTorrent sees big growth, LimeWire still #1 P2P app ) Eric Bangeman, April 21, 2008.〕 == History == The first client (also called Gnutella) from which the network got its name〔http://news.cnet.com/AOLs-Nullsoft-creates-software-for-swapping-MP3s/2100-1023_3-237974.html〕〔http://www.afterdawn.com/software/network/p2p_clients/gnutella.cfm#description〕 was developed by Justin Frankel and Tom Pepper of Nullsoft in early 2000, soon after the company's acquisition by AOL. On March 14, the program was made available for download on Nullsoft's servers. The event was prematurely announced on Slashdot, and thousands downloaded the program that day.〔(Gnutella announcement ) March 14, 2000 on Slashdot〕〔(AOL and Gnutella ) March 15, 2000 by CNN〕 The source code was to be released later, under the GNU General Public License (GPL), however the original developers never got the chance to accomplish this purpose.〔https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/gnutella.html〕 The next day, AOL stopped the availability of the program over legal concerns and restrained Nullsoft from doing any further work on the project. This did not stop gnutella; after a few days, the protocol had been reverse engineered, and compatible free and open source clones began to appear. This parallel development of different clients by different groups remains the ''modus operandi'' of gnutella development today. Among the first independent Gnutella pioneers were Gene Kan and Spencer Kimball, they launched the first portal aimed to assemble the open-source community to work on Gnutella,〔http://news.cnet.com/2100-1023-239060.html〕〔http://news.cnet.com/2100-1023-942180.html〕 and also developed "GNUbile", one of the first open-source (GNU-GPL) programs to implement the Gnutella protocol.〔http://www.stearns.org/gnubile/〕〔http://underpop.free.fr/g/gnutelladev/source/gnubile.html〕〔ftp://ftp.cs.umn.edu/pub/netbsd/NetBSD-current/pkgsrc/net/gnubile/README.html〕 The gnutella network is a fully distributed alternative to such semi-centralized systems as FastTrack (KaZaA) and the original Napster. Initial popularity of the network was spurred on by Napster's threatened legal demise in early 2001. This growing surge in popularity revealed the limits of the initial protocol's scalability. In early 2001, variations on the protocol (first implemented in proprietary and closed source clients) allowed an improvement in scalability. Instead of treating every user as client and server, some users were now treated as ''ultrapeers'', routing search requests and responses for users connected to them. This allowed the network to grow in popularity. In late 2001, the gnutella client LimeWire Basic became free and open source. In February 2002, Morpheus, a commercial file sharing group, abandoned its FastTrack-based peer-to-peer software and released a new client based on the free and open source gnutella client Gnucleus. The word ''gnutella'' today refers not to any one project or piece of software, but to the open protocol used by the various clients. The name is a portmanteau of ''GNU'' and ''Nutella'', the brand name of an Italian hazelnut flavored spread: supposedly, Frankel and Pepper ate a lot of Nutella working on the original project, and intended to license their finished program under the GNU General Public License. Gnutella is not associated with the GNU project〔(Regarding Gnutella (www.gnu.org) )〕 or GNU's own peer-to-peer network, GNUnet. On October 26, 2010, the popular gnutella client LimeWire was ordered shutdown by Judge Kimba Wood of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York when she signed a Consent Decree to which recording industry plaintiffs and LimeWire had agreed.〔http://download.limewire.com/injunction/Injunction.pdf〕 This event was the likely cause of a notable drop in the size of the network, because, while negotiating the injunction, LimeWire staff had inserted remote-disabling code into the software. As the injunction came into force, users who had installed affected versions (newer than 5.5.10) were cut off from the P2P network. Since LimeWire was free software, nothing had prevented the creation of forks that omitted the disabling code, as long as LimeWire trademarks were not used. The shutdown did not affect, for example, FrostWire, a fork of LimeWire created in 2004 that carries neither the remote-disabling code nor adware. On November 9, 2010, LimeWire was resurrected by a secret team of developers and named LimeWire Pirate Edition. It was based on LimeWire 5.6 BETA. This version had its server dependencies removed and all the PRO features enabled for free. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「gnutella」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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