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Genocide is the intent to systematically eliminate a racial, ethnic, religious, cultural or national group. Well-known examples of genocide include the Armenian Genocide, the Holocaust, the Holodomor (Ukrainian genocide), 1971 Bangladesh Genocide, and more recently the Rwandan Genocide and the Bosnian Genocide. ==Etymology== Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word "genocide" was not in use before 1944. Before this was established, Winston Churchill referred to it as a crime with no name. In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek word "''geno''" (meaning tribe or race) and “''caedere''” (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them. The word “genocide” was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term〔"What Is Genocide?" United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, 20 June 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2015. The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations. When genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group. Yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area. In 1648 before the term genocide had been coined, the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups. During the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military.〔Schabas, William A. "United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law." United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law. National University of Ireland, n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2015. Raphael Lemkin, in his work ''Axis Rule in Occupied Europe'' (1944), or possibly in 1943, coined the term "genocide" by combining Greek ''genos'' (γένος), "race, people" and Latin ''caedere'' "to kill".〔''genocide'' in the Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed.—"1944 ''Axis Rule in Occupied Europe'' ix. 79 By ‘genocide’ we mean the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group."〕 Lemkin defined genocide as follows: Generally speaking, genocide does not necessarily mean the immediate destruction of a nation, except when accomplished by mass killings of all members of a nation. It is intended rather to signify a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves. The objectives of such a plan would be the disintegration of the political and social institutions, of culture, language, national feelings, religion, and the economic existence of national groups, and the destruction of the personal security, liberty, health, dignity, and even the lives of the individuals belonging to such groups. The preamble to the Genocide Convention ("CPPCG") notes that instances of genocide have taken place throughout history,〔Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. ''(Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide )'' 〕 but it was not until Lemkin coined the term and the prosecution of perpetrators of the Holocaust at the Nuremberg trials that the United Nations defined the crime of genocide under international law in the Genocide Convention. During a video interview with Raphael Lemkin for the CBS, news commentator Quincy Howe asked him about how he came to be interested in the crime of genocide. He replied: I became interested in genocide because it happened so many times. It happened to the Armenians, then after the Armenians, Hitler took action. Lemkin was also a close relative of genocide victims, losing 49 relatives in the Holocaust. However, his work on defining genocide as a crime dates to 1933, and it was prompted by the Simele massacre in Iraq.〔William Korey, "Raphael Lemkin: 'The Unofficial Man'," ''Midstream'', June–July 1989, p. 45–48〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「genocide」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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