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A generalization (or generalisation) is a concept in the inductive sense of that word, or an extension of the concept to less-specific criteria. Generalizations posit the existence of a domain or set of elements, as well as one or more common characteristics shared by those elements (thus creating a conceptual model). As such, they are the essential basis of all valid deductive inferences. The process of verification is necessary to determine whether a generalization holds true for any given situation. The concept of generalization has broad application in many related disciplines, sometimes having a specialized context or meaning. Of any two related concepts, such as ''A'' and ''B'', ''A'' is a "generalization" of ''B'', and ''B'' is a special case of ''A'', if and only if * every instance of concept ''B'' is also an instance of concept ''A''; and * there are instances of concept ''A'' which are not instances of concept ''B''. For instance, ''animal'' is a generalization of ''bird'' because every bird is an animal, and there are animals which are not birds (dogs, for instance). (See also: Specialisation (biology)). ==Hypernym and hyponym== The relation of ''generalization'' to ''specialization'' (or ''particularization'') is reflected in the contrasting words hypernym and hyponym. A hypernym as a generic stands for a class or group of equally ranked items—for example, ''tree'' stands for equally ranked items such as ''peach'' and ''oak'', and ''ship'' stands for equally ranked items such as ''cruiser'' and ''steamer''. In contrast, a hyponym is one of the items included in the generic, such as ''peach'' and ''oak'' which are included in ''tree'', and ''cruiser'' and ''steamer'' which are included in ''ship''. A hypernym is superordinate to a hyponym, and a hyponym is subordinate to a hypernym. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「generalization」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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