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Foregrounding is the practice of making something stand out from the surrounding words or images.〔Leech, G. and Short, M. (2007) ''Style in Fiction'' (2nd ed.) Pearson Education Ltd.〕 It is "the 'throwing into relief' of the linguistic sign against the background of the norms of ordinary language."〔Wales, K. (2001) ''Dictionary of Stylistics'' (2nd ed.) Pearson Education Ltd. p157〕 The term was first associated with Paul Garvin in the 1960s, who used it as a translation of the Czech ''aktualisace'' (literally "to actualise"), borrowing the terms from the Prague school of the 1930s.〔Martin Procházka (2010). ''(The Prague School and Theories of Structure )'' p.196 footnote 4.〕 There are two main types of foregrounding: parallelism and deviation. Parallelism can be described as unexpected regularity, while deviation can be seen as unexpected irregularity.〔Leech, G. (1969) ''A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry''. Longman〕 As the definition of foregrounding indicates, these are relative concepts. Something can only be unexpectedly regular or irregular within a particular context. This context can be relatively narrow, such as the immediate textual surroundings (referred to as a 'secondary norm'〔Leech, G. and Short, M. (2007) ''Style in Fiction'' (2nd ed.) Pearson Education Ltd.〕) or wider such as an entire genre (referred to as a 'primary norm'〔Leech, G. and Short, M. (2007) ''Style in Fiction'' (2nd ed.) Pearson Education Ltd.〕). For example, the last line of a poem with a consistent metre may be foregrounded by changing the number of syllables it contains. This would be an example of a deviation from a secondary norm. In the following poem by E. E. Cummings,〔as quoted in Wales, K. (2001) ''Dictionary of Stylistics'' (2nd ed.) Pearson Education Ltd.〕 there are two types of deviation: :light’s lives lurch :a once world quickly from rises :army the gradual of unbeing fro :on stiffening greenly air and to ghosts go :drift slippery hands tease slim float twitter faces :Only stand with me, love! against these its :until you are, and until i am dreams... Firstly, most of the poem deviates from 'normal' language (primary deviation). In addition, there is secondary deviation in that the penultimate line is unexpectedly different from the rest of the poem. Nursery rhymes, adverts and slogans often exhibit parallelism in the form of repetition and rhyme, but parallelism can also occur over longer texts. For example, jokes are often built on a mixture of parallelism and deviation. They often consist of three parts or characters. The first two are very similar (parallelism) and the third one starts out as similar, but our expectations are thwarted when it turns out different in end (deviation). Foregrounding can occur on all levels of language〔Simpson, p (2004) "Stylistics, A Resource Book". London: Routledge〕 (phonology, graphology, morphology, lexis, syntax, semantics and pragmatics). It is generally used to highlight important parts of a text, to aid memorability and/or to invite interpretation. ==See also== *Glossary of rhetorical terms *Rhetorical device *Stylistics (linguistics) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「foregrounding」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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