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erinyes
In Greek mythology the Erinyes (; sing. Erinys ; , pl. of , ''Erinys''),〔.〕〔Of uncertain etymology; connections with the verb ὀρίνειν ''orinein'', "to raise, stir, excite," and the noun ἔρις ''eris'', "strife" have been suggested; R. S. P. Beekes has proposed a Pre-Greek origin (''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, pp. 458–9).〕 also known as Furies, were female chthonic deities of vengeance; they were sometimes referred to as "infernal goddesses" (). A formulaic oath in the ''Iliad'' invokes them as "those who beneath the earth punish whosoever has sworn a false oath".〔''Iliad'' iii.278ff; xix.260ff〕 Burkert suggests they are "an embodiment of the act of self-cursing contained in the oath".〔Burkert 1985, p. 198〕 They correspond to the Dirae in Roman mythology, and some suppose that they are called Furies in hell, Harpies on earth, and Dirae in heaven.〔Servius, Commentary on Virgil's Aeneid 4. 609〕〔John Lemprière (1832). Lemprière's Classical Dictionary for Schools and Academies: Containing Every Name That Is Either Important or Useful in the Original Work, p. 150.〕
According to Hesiod's Theogony, when the Titan Cronus castrated his father Uranus and threw his genitalia into the sea, the Erinyes as well as the Meliae emerged from the drops of blood when it fell on the earth (Gaia), while Aphrodite was born from the crests of sea foam. According to variant accounts,〔Aeschylus Eumenides 321〕〔Lycophron 432〕〔Virgil Aeneid 6.250〕〔Ovid Metamorphoses 4.453〕 they emerged from an even more primordial level—from Nyx, "Night", or from a union between air and mother earth. Their number is usually left indeterminate. Virgil, probably working from an Alexandrian source, recognized three: Alecto ''or Alekto'' ("unceasing"), Megaera ("grudging"), and Tisiphone ''or Tilphousia'' ("vengeful destruction"), all of whom appear in the ''Aeneid''. Dante followed Virgil in depicting the same three-character triptych of Erinyes; in Canto IX of the ''Inferno'' they confront the poets at the gates of the city of Dis. Whilst the Erinyes were usually described as three maiden goddesses, the Erinys Telphousia was usually a by-name for the wrathful goddess Demeter, who was worshipped under the title of Erinys in the Arkadian town of Thelpousa.
==Description==
The Erinyes live in Erebus and are more ancient deities than any of the Olympians. Their task is to hear complaints brought by mortals against the insolence of the young to the aged, of children to parents, of hosts to guests, and of householders or city councils to suppliants - and to punish such crimes by hounding culprits relentlessly. The Erinyes are crones and, depending upon authors, described as having snakes for hair, dog's heads, coal black bodies, bat's wings, and blood-shot eyes. In their hands they carry brass-studded scourges, and their victims die in torment.
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