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Dukkha (Pāli; Sanskrit: ''duḥkha''; Tibetan: སྡུག་བསྔལ་ ''sdug bsngal'', pr. "duk-ngel") is a Buddhist term commonly translated as "suffering", "anxiety", "stress", or "unsatisfactoriness". The principle of dukkha is one of the most important concepts in the Buddhist tradition. The Buddha is reputed to have said: "I have taught one thing and one thing only, ''dukkha'' and the cessation of ''dukkha''." The classic formulation of these teachings on ''dukkha'' is the doctrine of the Four Noble Truths, in which the Truth of Dukkha (Pali: ''dukkha saccã''; Sanskrit: ''duḥkha-satya'') is identified as the first. ''Dukkha'' is commonly explained according to three categories: * The obvious physical and mental suffering associated with birth, growing old, illness and dying. * The anxiety or stress of trying to hold on to things that are constantly changing. * A basic unsatisfactoriness pervading all forms of existence, because all forms of life are changing, impermanent and without any inner core or substance. The Buddhist tradition emphasizes the importance of developing insight into the nature of ''dukkha'', the conditions that cause it, and how it can be overcome. This process is formulated in the teachings on the Four Noble Truths. ==Etymology== In ordinary usage, the Pali word ''dukkha'' (Sanskrit ''duḥkha'') means ‘suffering’, ‘pain’, ‘sorrow’ or ‘misery’, as opposed to the word ''sukha'' meaning ‘happiness’, ‘comfort’ or ‘ease’. Contemporary scholar Winthrop Sargeant explains the etymological roots of these terms as follows: :The ancient Aryans who brought the Sanskrit language to India were a nomadic, horse- and cattle-breeding people who travelled in horse- or ox-drawn vehicles. ''Su'' and ''dus'' are prefixes indicating good or bad. The word ''kha'', in later Sanskrit meaning "sky," "ether," or "space," was originally the word for "hole," particularly an axle hole of one of the Aryan's vehicles. Thus ''sukha'' … meant, originally, "having a good axle hole," while ''duhkha'' meant "having a poor axle hole," leading to discomfort. Joseph Goldstein explains the etymology as follows: : The word () is made up of the prefix ''du'' and the root ''kha''. ''Du'' means “bad” or “difficult.” ''Kha'' means “empty.” “Empty,” here, refers to several things—some specific, others more general. One of the specific meanings refers to the empty axle hole of a wheel. If the axle fits badly into the center hole, we get a very bumpy ride. This is a good analogy for our ride through saṃsāra. On my first trip to Burma, a group of friends and I went up-country to visit Mahāsi Sayadaw’s home temple. We made part of the journey in an oxcart, and it was undoubtedly similar to modes of transportation in the Buddha’s time. This extremely bumpy journey was a very visceral example of ''dukkha'', the first noble truth. In more general philosophical terms, “empty” means devoid of permanence and devoid of a self that can control or command phenomena. Here we begin to get a sense of other, more inclusive meanings of the term ''dukkha''. Words like unsatisfying, unreliable, uneaseful, and stressful all convey universal aspects of our experience. Nineteenth century translator Monier-Williams states that according to grammatical tradition, ''dukkha'' is derived from ' "uneasy"; but Monier-Williams asserts that the term is more likely a Prakritized form of ' "unsteady, disquieted". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「dukkha」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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